The WAEC Igbo Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks includes a list of recommended textbooks for written literature, such as the prose “Juo Obinna” by Tony Ubesie. The syllabus is divided into two papers and covers language skills (comprehension, composition, grammar, and translation) and literature (oral and written). The main topics include Igbo culture, sound systems, and various forms of oral literature like folktales, proverbs, and poems.

Objectives

• After acessing this syllabus, students must be able to speak, read and write Igbo properly and communicate effectively in it
• Candidates must familiarize themselves with the sound system, grammatical structures and other features of the Igbo language
• Students must expose themselves to the Igbo culture – customs, institutions, worldview, etc
• Candidates should provide them with the necessary tools needed for creative writing and appreciation of Igbo language and literature

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WAEC Igbo Examination Guide

The examination will consist of two papers—Paper 1 and Paper 2—which together form a composite paper to be taken in a single sitting. All instructions will be written in Igbo, and candidates must answer all questions using the standard orthography and metalanguage of the Igbo language.

Paper 1 will be an objective test comprising 60 multiple-choice questions to be answered within one hour, totaling 60 marks. It is divided into three sections: Language (Section A), Literature (Section B), and Culture (Section C). Section A will include 30 questions on various aspects of language such as comprehension (10 items), composition/letter writing (4 items), sound system (6 items), grammar (6 items), and translation (4 items). Section B will focus on literature, with 22 questions covering both oral and written literature. Topics include basic principles of literary appreciation (4 items), oral and written prose, poetry, and drama (3 items each). All literature questions, except those on literary appreciation, will be based on the set texts for Paper 2. Section C will cover culture with 8 questions—4 on customs and 4 on institutions.

Paper 2 is a composition-based test that will also have three sections matching those in Paper 1: Language, Literature, and Culture. Candidates will be required to answer six out of thirteen questions provided. This paper will last two hours and carry a total of 100 marks. Further details about the structure and expectations of Paper 2 are provided in the syllabus.

WAEC Igbo Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

WAEC IGBO LANGUAGE SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
	PAPER 1
A	LANGUAGE	i. Comprehension (2 short passages) ii. Composition/letter writing iii. Sound system iv. Grammar v. Translation
B	LITERATURE	i. Basic Principles of Literary Appreciation ii. Oral Literature (Prose, Poetry, Drama) iii. Written Literature (Prose, Poetry, Drama)
	PAPER 2
A	ESSAY	Part I: Composition/ Letter Writing Candidates are advised not to spend more than 45 minutes on this section. There will be five topics from the following essay types and candidates will be expected to write on one of them in about 300 words: (1) Narrative; (2) Descriptive; (3) Argumentative; (4) Expository; (5) Dialogue; (6) Debate; (7) Letter writing. Part II: Sound system Two questions will be set for candidates to answer one of them. The questions will test candidate’s basic knowledge of the following areas: (a) Igbo Phonemes: Vowels, Consonants, the Syllabic nasal, (i) their production, and (ii) their classification. (b) Syllable Structure. (c) Sound Processes: vowel harmony, vowel assimilation, vowel elision and consonants elision. (d) Tone and tone notation. (e) The Igbo alphabet. Part III: Grammar Two questions will be set for candidates to answer one of them. The questions will test candidate’s knowledge of the following areas: (a) Spelling rules. (b) Word formation. (c) Igbo dialects and Standard Igbo. (d) Loan words. (e) Igbo metalanguage (new words). (f) Word classes: The noun, verb, pronoun, conjunction, preposition, etc. (g) Grammatical categories: tense, number and person. (h) Phrases and Clauses: their types and functions. (i) Sentences: i. their constituents and types. ii. Sentences containing Direct and Indirect Speech. (j) Lexis and Structure. (k) Punctuation marks.
B	LITERATURE	Part I: Oral Literature Three questions will be set for this part and candidates will be required to answer only one of them. All questions in this section will be based on the prescribed texts. In this part, candidates will be required to have basic knowledge of the following: (a) Definiton and characteristics of oral Literature (b) Classification and functions (c) Literary devices (d) Folktales (ifo) (e) Anecdotes (ụkabụilu) (f) Legends (nkọkịrịkọ/akụkọ dike) (g) Myths (nkọmịrịkọ/akụkọokike/mmalite) (h) Poems (abụ) (i) Songs (uri) (j) Proverbs (ilu) (k) Riddles (agwụgwa) (l) Chants (mbem) (m) Oral drama (ejije ọnụ) (n) Tongue twisters (okwuntụhi) Part II: Written Literature Three questions will be set for this part and candidates will be required to attempt only one. All questions in this section will be based on the prescribed texts.
C	CULTURE	The following areas will be covered. Customs – Omenala (a)i. Njirimara ndị Igbo-asụsụ, ejiji, omenala, ekpemekpe , agbambọ, dg. ii. Ekele ndị Igbo n’oge dị icheiche. (b) Mmemme -ọjị, ịtụ nzụ, ịkwọ aka ụtụtụ, ịgọ ọfọ, dg. (c) Nnabata ọbịa. (d) Ọmụmụ nwa – ile ọmụgwọ, ibi ugwu, ikupụta nwa, ịgụ aha, ịzụ ahịa nwa, ịhụ eze, dg. (e) Nkwenye – ịlọ ụwa, ọgbanje, nrọ, ihi/isi anụ, ịha/ịchụ mmiri, dg. (f) Emume – ọfala, ịbọ ụzọ, ịwa ji/iri ji, igbu ewuukwu,iru mgbede, ịwa akwa, akwamozu, ịgba mkpe, ịgụ afọ, mbarị, ụdara, dg. (g) Egwuregwu – egwu ụmụaka, ịgba/ịchụ oro, ịtụ okwe, ịzụ nchọrọkọtọ, ịkpọ okwe, mgba, ịkpọ ọga, okoso, egwu ọnwa, dg. (h) Nsọala/Arụ – ihensọ, ebensọ, anụnsọ, osisinsọ, ime ibeeṅe. ii. Institutions – Ewumewu (a) Ewumewu ọchịchị – ezinaụlọ, ndị eze ọdịnala, nze na ọzọ, ụmụọkpụ/ụmụada, otu ọgbọ, otu nzuzo, otu inyomdi, ụmụnna, ogbe, obodo. (b) Ewumewu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya – alụmalụ, ezinaụlọ, ịgọ ọgọ, nwanwa/nwadiala, ịgba ndụ, ịgba orikọ (c) Echichi – Lọọlọ, Iyọm, Ọmụ, Ezeji, Jioke, Atama. (d) Abamaba – Mmọnwụ,Ọkọnkọ, Ekpe, Ọmabe, Odo, Dibịa. (e) Ewumewu akụnaụba – ike ekpe, iri ekpe, ala na ihe dị na ya. (f) Akaọrụ – ịkpụ ụzụ, ịgba nta, ịkụ azụ, ọrụugbo, ịkwa nka, ịkpụ ite, dg. (g) Ewumewu ofufe – ịgba afa, ịchụ aja, dg. (h) Ngwa ofufe – ọfọ, ikenga, okpesi, ogu, ọtọnsi , dg (i) Ihe ofufe – Ndịichie, Arụsị, Ikenga, Ala, Mmụọ mmiri, Arụsị/ Agbara dịka Ogwugwu, Ahịajiọkụ, Agwụ, Amadịọha, Kamalụ, Agbala, Ibini Ụkpabị, Ojukwu, Igwekaala, Idemmili, dg.

WAEC Igbo Textbooks 2026/2027

YEAR	PROSE	POETRY	DRAMA
1981-1983	Oral  –     Omalinze Written – Urunwa Obinna	Abu Na Egwuregwuodinala Utara Nta	Obidiya
1987	Written      Chinagorom	Abu Na Egwuregwuodinala Akpa UcheEke Nne	Ugomma
1988	Written         Obiefuna	AkpaUche	AkuFechaa
1989	Written        Uwaezuoke	AkpaUche	AkuFechaa
1990	Written       Uwadiegwu	Nkemakolam	Obidiya
1998-2000	Oral Oka Mgba  Written Dinta OkpaAkuEriEri	MbemnaEgwu Igbo AkubunduAkpaUche	Onwukube OkweAgbaala
2002-2005	Oral      omalinze Written    Juochi/Adaeze	Abx Na Egwuregwuodinala Utara Nta EchicheMiri Emi	UdoKaMma Aju Obi
2006-2010	Oral Oka Mgba Written Iheojoo GbaaAfa	Abu Akwamozu Echiche	NwataBulieNnaYaElu
2011-2015	Oral Mbediogu Written UjaDufuo Dike	Abu Na Egwuregwu Uche Bu Akpa	Aturu

WAEC Islamic Religious Studies (IRS) Syllabus 2026/2027: Covers the historical and contemporary development of Islam, the life of the Prophet Muhammad, the Qur’an and Hadith, and the practical application of Islamic teachings in daily life. Key topics include the six articles of faith, the five pillars of Islam (including . detailed study of Sawm, Zakat, Hajj), family matters like marriage and divorce, and Shariah law.

Objectives

• Students must learn the historical and contemporary development of Islam, as well as the lessons learnt from them
• Students are expected to learn the spiritual, moral, socio-economic and intellectual roles of Islam role of Islam in society
• Students must also learn the practical application of Islamic teachings in daily life

Islamic Religious studies Exam Guide

The Islamic studies examination will consist of two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which will be put into a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1:

Will comprise fifty multiple-choice questions, all of which should be answered within 50 minutes for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:

Will consist of six essay questions, one of which will be compulsory. Candidates will be required to answer the compulsory question and any three of the optional ones in 2 hours for 100 marks.

WAEC Islamic Religious Studies (IRS) Syllabus 2026/2027

	WAEC SYLLABUS FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	THEME
1	PART 1 TARIKH (HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAM)	1. The Jahiliyyah: Arabia before Islam. Description of Arabia – Location Social Life – Marriage, divorce and inheritance. Religious life – Idol worship and names of major gods / idols. Political Life System of Government Economic Life – Sources of livelihood The Reforms introduced by Islam on the Jahiliyyah practices. 2. The life of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) (i) Birth (ii) Marriage (iii) Call to prophethood and his mission (iv) Hijrah: Causes, Course and Significance (v) Formation of the Ummah and the Madinan Constitution (vi) Leadership qualities of the Prophet (vii) The Battles: Badr, Uhud and Khandaq. (causes, courses and effects.) (viii) The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: terms and outcomes. (ix) Conquest of Makkah. (x) The Farewell Pilgrimage: description, sermon and its lessons. (xi) Death. 3. The Khulafᾱ‘ur-Rᾱshidīn (The Rightly – guided Caliphs): Abu- Bakr Ibn Abī Quhhᾱfah, ‗Umar Ibn al-Khattᾱb, ‗Uthmᾱn Ibn ‗Affᾱn and ‗Ali Ibn Abī Tᾱlib. – Their biographies – Their contributions to Islam – Lessons learnt from their lives 4. Islam in West Africa (i) The advent and roles of traders, teachers, murᾱbitun, sufi orders, mujaddidun (reformers) and Hajj in the pread of Islam. (ii) The Impact of Islam on the Socio-Political, Economic and Linguistic Lives of the Peoples of ancient West African empires (i.e. Ghana, Mali, Shonghai and Kanem- Borno.
	Part 2 Qu’ran	1. (a) Revelation of the Qur‘an: visits of the Prophet (S.A.W.) to Cave Hira ; first revelation and his reaction to it, different modes of revelation, piecemeal- revelation of the Qur‘an. (b) Preservation of the Qur‘an: Complete arrangement including distinction between Makki and Madani Suwar; Recording; Compilation; Standardization: Roles played by the Companions of the Prophet (S.A.W.) in the Preservation of the Qur‘an. (c) Importance of the Qur‘an: The Qur ‘an as a source of guidance in social, political, spiritual and moral matters. (d) Reading (in either Arabic Text or Transliteration), Memorization, Meaning of the following suwar and the lessons learnt from them (Identification, Explanation, Interpretation and Application); Suratul – Fatihah (Q.1) Suratud – Duha (Q.93) Suratut – Tin (Q.95) Suratul – ‗Alaq (Q.96: 1-5) Suratul – Qadr (Q.97) Suratul – Kafirun (Q.109) Suratun – Nasr (Q.110) Suratu l – Ikhlas (Q.112) Suratu l – Falaq (Q.113) Suratun – Nas (Q.114) Moral Lessons from the Qur‘an (a) Attitudes to Parents (Q.17 :23 – 24: 31 : 13 – 15 (b) Honesty in Words and Deeds Q2: 42; 61: 2-3, 17: 35. (c) Prohibition of Gambling Q. 2:219:5 90-91.
	Part 3 Hadith	1. (a) Definition of Hadith and Sunnah. (b) Differences and similarities between Hadith and Sunnah (c) The Importance of Hadith and Sunnah. (d) Parts of the Hadith: ‗Isnad, Matn and Rawi. (e) Criteria for authenticity of Hadith (f) Classification of Hadith: Sahih, Hasan and Da‗if. (g) The Six Sound Collections of Hadith (Sihaus-Sittah) and their Compilers. 2. Reading (in either the Arabic Text or Transliteration). Memorization, Meaning of the following Ahadith and lessons learnt from them (Identification, Explanation, Interpretation and Application): an-Nawawi‘s Collection. 1, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15,16,18,34 and 41.
	PART 4 TAWHID AND FIQH (ISLAMIC THEOLOGY AND JURISPRUDENCE)	(i) Meaning and Significance of Iman (Faith) (ii) Articles of Faith: Belief in Allah with emphasis on Kalimatush- Shahadah(Q2: 163 and 255; 3:18;17:42-43;21: 22 ; 23: 91 Q. 112, Islam and the concept of Trinity (Q.4:171; 5:75 – 76; 19:92-3; 112). (ii) His angels – Q 2: 285; 8:50; 16: 2; 66: 6 ; 82: 10 – 12. (iii) His books – Q.2: 2; 2:285; 87: 19 – 19; 5:46. (iv) His Prophets with special emphasis on the Ulu1-‗Azm: Ibrahim, Nuh, Musa, ‗Isa.(A.S.) Muhammad (S.A.W.) Q. 6: 83-87: 4: 164; 10;47;21:107;46:35 and ahadith relevant to the foregoing. (v) The Day of Resurrection, Judgement: Eternal Life Q 20: 15:32:10-20: 36: 78-70; 75: 3-13. (vi) Destiny – Qada‘ and Qadar; Distinction between the two Concepts (Q.3: 145:25:2:76:3:87:3). 2. Shirk (Associating Partners with Allah) (i) Worship of idols (Q.4:48:22:31:31:13:41:37): (ii) Ancestor and Hero- worship Q 3:64; 4:116;112:4; Q.2:13,40&41 3. Taharah (Purification) (i) Importance of Taharah (ii) al- Istinja‘ (iii) al-Wudu‘ (iv) at-Tayammum (v) al-Ghusl 4. Salat: – Meaning of Salat. – Importance of Salat. – Acts that vitiate Salat – Joining a Congregational Salat. – Sujudus-Sahwi (Prostration of Forgetfulness.) – Kinds of Salat and how they are observed: (i) Obligatory Salat (Subh/Fajr, Zuhr, ‗Asr, Maghrib and ‗Isha‘i.) (ii) Non-Obligatory Salat ( Nawafil that accompany the obligatory salawat, Duha, witr, etc.) (iii) Special prayers (Jum‗ah, ‗Idayn, Janazah, Istisqa‘ Tarawih, Kusufayn and Istikhara.) (iv) Salatus-Safar (Salat on a journey
		6. Sawm (Fasting): Detailed study of Sawm with emphasis on the Spiritual, Social and Moral Objectives. (i) Definition (ii) Types of Sawm (compulsory and voluntary) (iii) Examples of compulsory fast (Ramadan, Kaffarah and Nadr) (iv) Examples of voluntary fast (Shitta Shawwal, ‗Ashura‘and Tasu‗a, fasting on Mondays, fasting on Thursdays, etc.) (v) Voluntary fast (vi) How fasting is observed in Islam (vii) Ramadan Fast (viii) Those Exempted from Fast (ix) Things that vitiate Fast (x) Benefits/Significance of Sawm—spiritual, social and moral. 7. Zakat (Charity): Detailed Study of Zakat with emphasis on the Spiritual, Socio-Economic and Moral Objectives: (i) Definitions of Zakat and Sadaqah (ii) Difference between Zakat and Sadaqah (iii) Articles on which Zakat is paid (iv) The Nisab of Zakat (v) Zakat on Livestock (vi) Zakat on Money (vii) Zakat on Agricultural Products (viii) The Beneficiaries of Zakat (Q.9:60) (ix) Zakatul-Fitr. (x) Benefits of Zakat – Spiritual, Socio-economic and Moral. 8. Hajj (Pilgrimage): Detailed study of Hajj and ‗Umrah with emphasis on the Spiritual, Socio-Economic and Moral Values. (i) Definition and Origin of Hajj and ‗Umrah. (ii) Pre-requisite to the performance of Hajj (iii) Performance of ‗Umrah and Hajj (iv) Acts that affect the validity of Hajj (v) Types of Hajj (Ifrad, Tamattu‗ and Qiran) (vi) Rites of Hajj (vii) Significance of Hajj (spiritual, socio-economic and moral objectives of Hajj. 9. Shari ‘ah: (i) Definition; (ii) Sources (the Qur‘an, the Sunnah, the Ijma‗ and the Qiyas.) (iii) Significance. 10. Nikah (Marriage): (i) Concept (Q.16:72:24:32; 30;21: the Hadith ―O young man……….‖. (ii) Prohibited Categories (Q.2221; 4:22-24); (iv) Conditions governing validity (Q. 4: 4, 21, 24-25): al-Bukhari 67: 29, 37, 42, 49, 51-52, Abu-Da‘ud 12:29-31: (v) Rights and duties of husband and wife(Q.2.228- 230:20:132;33:33,41:34;65:6) (vi) Law prohibiting the Ill-treatment of Wife (Idrar) Q 65:6 11. Talaq ( Divorce) : (i) Islam‘s Attitude (Q.4: 35): the Hadith ―of all things lawful…….most hateful to Allah‖ (Abu- Da‘ud 13:31); (ii) Kinds – Talaq; Khul‗; Faskh; Mubara‗ah, Zihar and Li ‗an. (Q.2:228 – 230: Q.65). (iii) ‗Iddatut-Talaq (Waiting Period for a Divorced Woman): Meaning, Duration and Implication.

WAEC Islamic Religious Studies (IRS) Texbooks 2026/2027

• The Holy Qur’an (text, translation and commentary). A. Yusuf Ali
• The meaning of The Glorious Koran (An explanatory translation by Mohammed Marmaduke Picktall) I.P.B., Lagos Nigeria.
• Islamic Religious knowledge for WASC Book 3 Hadith. M. Bushir Sambo and Mohammed Higab I.P.B., Lagos, Nigeria.
• Islamic Religious knowledge for WASC Book 2 Figh. M. Bushir Sambo and Mohammed Higab I.P.B., Lagos, Nigeria.
• Islamic Religious knowledge for WASC Book 1 Qur’an and Tafsir. M. Bushir Sambo and Mohammed Higab I.P.B., Lagos, Nigeria
• The life of Muhammad by Haykal Printed in Nigeria 1982.
• Islam in Focus by Hammudah Abdalati I.P.B., Lagos Nigeria.
• Islamic Studies for Secondary Schools Books 1 & 2 by Lemu I.P.B., Lagos. And Islamic Education Trust, Minna.
• Selected traditions of an-Nawawi by M.O.A., Abdul I.P.B., Lagos.
• Studies in Islam series Books 1m – 5 by M.O.A., Abdul I.P.B., Lagos.
• AL-‘IZZIYYAH for English audience by Quadri Y.A., and Oloyede, I.O. Shebiotimo Publications, Ijebu Ode.
• Islamic Religious Knowledge for Senior Secondary School series 1 -3 by Seriki and Badmos – B and B.P. Abeokuta.
• Yasin wal-Qur’an – by S.H.A., Malik Ilesanmi Press, Ilesha.
• The Classical Caliphate by M.O.A. Abdul. I.P.B., Lagos.
• West Africa And Islam, P.B. Clarke, Edward Amold.
• A. History of Islam in West Africa, J.S. Trimingham, Oxford University Press.
• Islam in West Africa, J. S. Trmingha, Oxford University Press.
• Islamic Studies for SSS Books 1 & 2 by B. “Aisha Lemu I.P.B., Lagos.
• Essentials of Islamic Studies Books 1 & 2 by M.O. Raheemson. M.D. & P.S. Lagos.
• 40 Hadith: An Explanation by Dr. Yushau Sodiq Published by J.S. Printing, USA in 2011.
• Sulemana, M. (2004). Islamic Studies. Capital Publishing. Accra, Ghana.
• Muhammad Jamiu Yunus (2011). Islam: The Religion of Peace. Alanisek Gen.Concept Publications Ijebu-Ode.

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The WAEC Arabic Syllabus 2026/2027 covers three papers: Paper 1 (Oral Arabic), Paper 2 (Essay, Comprehension, Translation, and Lexis & Structure), and Paper 3 (Literature). The literature component focuses on specific recommended textbooks, with authors and works like Al-Mutanabbi and Hafiz Ibrahim featured in the 2026-2030 syllabus. The grammar and structure portion of the syllabus includes topics such as noun characteristics, plurals, verb conjugations, and derivatives.

Scheme Of the Examination

The exam consists of three papers. Paper 1 and Paper 2 will be taken together, while Paper 3 is separate.

Paper 1 is the Objective section, lasting 50 minutes, and covers comprehension, Arabic translation, and grammar. The total score for this paper is 25%, with 15 marks allocated to comprehension (7.5%), 20 marks for translation (10%), and 15 marks for grammar (7.5%), for a total of 50 marks.

Paper 2 is the Theory section, lasting 2 hours, and focuses on composition and literature. The total score for this paper is 60%, with 40 marks allocated to composition (24%) and 60 marks for literature (36%), for a total of 100 marks.

Paper 3 is the Oral section, lasting 15 minutes, and tests students’ speaking and pronunciation skills. This section is worth 15% of the total exam score, with a total of 30 marks.

WAEC Arabic Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC ARABIC SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
	PAPER I: OBJECTIVE
1	COMPREHENSION	15 questions will be set based on 3 Arabic passages of about 70 words each on topics within the experience of the candidates with 5 multiple-choice questions on each passage. The comprehension carries 15 marks
2	TRANSLATION	The Arabic text for translation must deal with things which the candidates are familiar with. The texts must have essential vocalization and punctuation. The translation carries 20 marks.
3	GRAMMAR	Parts of Speech i. Nouns, pronouns, singular, dual, sound and broken plurals as well as relative and demonstrative pronouns. ii. Gender: masculine and feminine. Prepositions and construct phrases. iii. Adjectives, conjunctions, the permutative and the emphatic. iv. Verbs: The perfect, the imperfect and the imperative. v. Particles governing imperfect verbs: Nominal and verbal sentences vi.Kanna, Inna, Zanna and the respective associates. vi. Transitive and intransitive verbs, the five verbs and conjugation of verbs. Numbers (from one to one thousand.) Transitive and intransitive verbs, the five vii. Active and passive voices. viii. The verbal noun, the active participle, the passive participle, the elative and special adjectival forms.
		PAPER II: THEORY SECTION
4	COMPOSITION	The composition in Arabic will be about 120 words. Four essay topics will be set; one of then should be fornal or informal letter. Only one of the topics should be chosen. Consideration will be given to orderly and coherent presentation of ideas, use of appropriate diction and style, as well as correct spelling, punctuation and grammar. The type of the essay will be narrative, descriptive, argumentative or in the form of a dialogue. The composition carries 40 marks.
5	LITERATURE	There will be five questions in this part spread over the four periods of Arabic Literature. Candidates will be required to answer four questions in all-a compulsory question and any other three
	PAPER III: ORAL TEST
6	ORAL TEST	The test will include: ا عبد الله بن محمد بن فودي : تزيين الورجات المطبعة جامعة إبان . مرتضى بر ماضي مستقبل اللغة العربية في نيجيريا دار النشر الإسلامية لا غموس ٩٧ دام احمد الإسكندري والآخرون : المفصل في تاريخ الأدب العرية الأول والثانى ) وزارة المعارف العمومية القاهرة. زكريا حسين : المادية الأدبية الطلاب العربية في تغرب افريقيا دار النور او

WAEC Arabic Textbooks 2026/2027

• ا عبد الله بن محمد بن خودی : تزيين العرينات مطبعة جامعة اب
• مرتضى برماضي المستقبل اللغة العربية في نيجيريا دار النشر الإسلامية لا غموس ٧ عام
• احمد الإسكندري والآخرون : المفصل في تاريخ الأدب العديد : الأول والثاني ) وزارة للعارف العمومية – القاهرة . زكريا حسين المادية الأدبية الطلاب العلامة في الحرب افريقيا دار النور اولشان.
• RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
• (A) COMPOSITION, COMPREHENSION, TRANSLATION AND ORALS
• ا سید حمزة مالك : المرشد في الانتماء العربي والكتابة
• الأول والثاني، دار النشر الإسلامي لا غموس ۱۹۸۲. اسحاق أو غنبيه القصص الشعبية من السلحفاة
• عند اليوريا وبين ، آبادن وكنو.
• محمد بديع شريف وسلیم حکیم والحاج حسین آدم: العربية الجديدة في نيجيريا الكتاب الكالة او تعمال النجا لا تموید
• قاموس جيد عربي – انجلين وعربي
• (ANMAR
• المحمد أجروم الصهابي : متن الاجرومية – القاهرة
• على الجازم ومصطفى أمين : النحو الواضح المدارس المرحل الأولية الجزء ١-٢ المعارفي القاهرة .
• محمد عبد العليم حجاب : العربية الحديثة الجزء السم دار الشعر الإسلامية، لا تموس.
• I.A., B Balogun and Z.I Oseni: A Modern Arabic Course Book 1, Lagos. Islamic Publications Bureau 1982.
• David Cowan: Modern Literary Arabic, London: Cambridge University Press and Lagos. I.P.B
• J.A Haywood and H.M Nahmad: A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language. London Lund Humphries, 1965.

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The WAEC Syllabus For Economics 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers fundamental economic principles, including scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost, as well as the factors of production and different economic systems. Key topics include demand, supply, price determination, production theories, and the structure of markets. It also covers national economic issues such as population, agriculture, industrialization, and international trade.

This blog post also covers the economics recommended textbooks specifically aligned with the Senior Secondary School (SSS) curriculum, such as those covering topics relevant to the WASSCE exam. Recommended resources include comprehensive guides, textbooks with relevant examples, and those that prepare students for both objective and theory questions.

Aims and Objectives Of Syllabus

The aim & Objective of the Economics syllabus is to give students the “A sound knowledge of basic economic principles, concepts, and analytical tools, along with an understanding of the structure and functioning of commercial, agricultural, industrial, and financial institutions, equips individuals to make rational economic decisions, explain the structure of the West African economy—including the roles of agriculture, industry, and mining in national income—and to appreciate both the region’s position in international economic relations and the challenges it faces in economic development.”

Scheme of Examination

The examination will consist of two papers—Paper 1 and Paper 2—which will be combined into a single composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

Paper 1: will comprise 50 multiple-choice questions to be answered in 1 hour for a total of 50 marks.

Paper 2: will include eight essay-type questions divided into two sections: Section A and Section B. Section A will feature two data response questions, from which candidates must answer one. In Section B, candidates will choose and answer any three questions. Paper 2 will last 2 hours and carry 80 marks.

WAEC Syllabus For Economics 2026/2027

---

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS

• Economics
• Scarcity
• Choice
• Scale of Preference
• Opportunity Cost
• Production Possibility Curve (PPC)
• Economic Activities
• Production
• Distribution
• Consumption
• Classification of Economic Activities:
  • Primary Activities
  • Secondary Activities
  • Tertiary Activities
• Output/Income
• Employment
• Savings
• Investment
• Foreign Exchange

---

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

• Land
• Labour
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
• Characteristics of Factors of Production
• Importance of Factors of Production

---

TYPES AND BASIC FEATURES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Capitalism
• Socialism
• Mixed Economy
• Features of Economic Systems
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Systems
• Economic Problems of Society
• Solutions under Different Economic Systems

---

BASIC TOOLS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

• Tables
• Graphs
• Charts
• Arithmetic Mean
• Median
• Mode
• Statistical Representations

---

DEMAND

• Demand
• Law of Demand
• Demand Schedule
• Demand Curve
• Exceptional Demand Curves
• Derived Demand
• Composite Demand
• Joint Demand
• Competitive Demand
• Determinants of Demand:
  • Price of Commodity
  • Prices of Other Commodities
  • Income
  • Tastes
  • Price Expectations
• Movement Along the Demand Curve
• Shift of the Demand Curve
• Elasticity of Demand
  • Price Elasticity
  • Income Elasticity
  • Cross Elasticity
• Importance of Elasticity

---

SUPPLY

• Supply
• Law of Supply
• Supply Schedule
• Supply Curve
• Composite Supply
• Complementary Supply
• Competitive Supply
• Determinants of Supply:
  • Input Prices
  • Technology
  • Prices of Other Commodities
  • Climate
• Movement Along the Supply Curve
• Shift of the Supply Curve
• Elasticity of Supply
• Importance of Elasticity of Supply

---

THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

• Total Utility
• Average Utility
• Marginal Utility
• Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
• Utility Schedule
• Consumer Equilibrium
• Price and Consumer Equilibrium
• Marginal Utility and Demand Curve

---

THEORY OF PRICE DETERMINATION

• Market
• Interaction of Demand and Supply
• Equilibrium Price and Quantity
• Free Market
• Regulated Market
• Algebraic Determination of Equilibrium
• Price Control:
  • Maximum Price
  • Minimum Price
• Rationing
• Black Market

---

THEORY OF PRODUCTION

• Production
• Division of Labour
• Specialization
• Scale of Production
• Internal Economies
• External Economies
• Total Product
• Average Product
• Marginal Product
• Law of Variable Proportions

---

THEORY OF COST AND REVENUE

• Total Cost
• Average Cost
• Marginal Cost
• Variable Cost
• Fixed Cost
• Short-run Cost
• Long-run Cost
• Opportunity Cost
• Money Cost
• Economist vs. Accountant Cost Views
• Total Revenue
• Average Revenue
• Marginal Revenue
• Marginal Revenue Product

---

MARKET STRUCTURE

• Market
• Market Structures:
  • Perfect Competition
  • Imperfect Competition
  • Monopoly
  • Monopolistic Competition
• Price and Output Determination
• Cost and Revenue in Market Structures
• Price Discrimination

---

BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

• Sole Proprietorship
• Partnership
• Joint-Stock Companies (Private/Public)
• Co-operatives
• Statutory Corporations
• Joint Ventures
• Sources of Funds
• Problems of Enterprises
• Privatization
• Commercialization
• Indigenization
• Nationalization

---

DISTRIBUTIVE TRADE

• Distribution Process
• Role of:
  • Producers
  • Wholesalers
  • Retailers
  • Co-operatives
  • Government Agencies
• Distribution Problems and Solutions

---

POPULATION AND LABOUR MARKET

• Population Size and Growth
• Rural-Urban Migration
• Malthusian Theory
• Population Distribution:
  • Geographical
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Occupational
• Census
• Underpopulation
• Optimum Population
• Overpopulation
• Labour Force
• Human Capital
• Labour Efficiency
• Labour Mobility
• Wage Determination
• Unemployment
• Underemployment
• Trade Unions
• Employers’ Associations
• Government Labour Policies

---

AGRICULTURE

• Food Crops
• Export Crops
• Livestock
• Fisheries
• Peasant Farming
• Commercial Farming
• Co-operative Farming
• State Farming
• Importance of Agriculture
• Commodity Boards
• Agricultural Marketing

---

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Types of Industries
• Plant
• Firm
• Industry
• Industrial Estates
• Industrial Location
• Localization
• Industrialization and Economic Development
• Strategies of Industrialization
• Industrialization Problems
• Agriculture–Industry Link

---

NATIONAL INCOME

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Gross National Product (GNP)
• Net National Product (NNP)
• National Income Measurement
• Uses of National Income Data
• Limitations of National Income Data
• Trends and Structure of National Income

---

MONEY AND INFLATION

• Barter System
• Problems of Barter
• Money Definition
• Types of Money
• Characteristics of Money
• Functions of Money
• Money Supply and Demand
• Value of Money
• Price Level
• Inflation:
  • Types
  • Causes
  • Effects
  • Control

---

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

• Traditional Institutions
• Central Bank
• Commercial Banks
• Development Banks
• Merchant Banks
• Insurance Companies
• Building Societies
• Money Market
• Capital Market
• Functions of Financial Institutions

---

PUBLIC FINANCE

• Fiscal Policy
• Public Finance Objectives
• Government Revenue Sources
• Taxation:
  • Direct Tax
  • Indirect Tax
  • Objectives
  • Merits and Demerits
  • Incidence of Tax
• Canons of Taxation
• Tax Rates:
  • Proportional
  • Progressive
  • Regressive
• Public Expenditure:
  • Recurrent
  • Capital
• Government Budget
• National Debt

---

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

• Economic Growth vs. Development
• Developing Countries: Characteristics and Problems
• Development Planning
• Objectives of Planning
• Problems of Planning
• Types of Plans:
  • Short-term
  • Medium-term
  • Long-term
  • Rolling Plan
  • Perspective Plan

---

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

• Domestic vs. International Trade
• Basis for Trade:
  • Absolute Advantage
  • Comparative Advantage
• Terms of Trade
• Commercial Policies:
  • Tariffs (Types)
  • Direct Controls
• External Trade Structure (West Africa)
• Balance of Payments:
  • Definition
  • Components
  • Disequilibrium
  • Adjustment Mechanisms:
    • Exchange Rate Policy
    • Exchange Control
    • Monetary Policy
    • Fiscal Policy
    • International Borrowing

---

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

• Economic Integration
• Objectives of Integration
• Levels of Integration
• Features of Integration
• ECOWAS
• Problems of Integration in West Africa

---

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS

• OPEC
• ECA (Economic Commission for Africa)
• IMF (International Monetary Fund)
• IBRD (World Bank)
• AfDB (African Development Bank)
• UNCTAD
• Role and Relevance to West Africa

---

MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES

• Petroleum
• Gold
• Diamond
• Timber
• Groundnut
• Natural Resource Development
• Positive Economic Effects
• Negative Economic Effects

WAEC Textbooks For Economics 2026/2027

• Aderinto, A.A et al (1996) Economics: Exam Focus, Ibadan: University Press Plc.
• Black, J. (1997) Oxford Dictionary of Economics,Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Brownson-oton Richard (2010) What is Micro-Economics? Niky Printing and Publishing coy.
• Brownson-oton Richard (2010) What is Macro-Economics? Niky Printing and Publishing coy.
• Eyiyere, D.O. (1980) Economics Made Easy, Benin City, Quality Publishers Ltd.
• Fajana, F et al (1999) Countdown to SSCE/JME Economics, Ibadan: Evans.
• Falodun, A.B. et al (1997) Round-up Economics, Lagos: Longman.
• Kountsoyiannis, A. (1979) Modern MicroEconomics, London: Macmillan.
• Lawal, O.A. (1985) Success in Economics, London: John Muray.
• Lipsey, R.G. (1997) An Introduction to Positive Economics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Samuelson, P and Nordhaus, W. (1989) Economics, Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
• Udu E and Agu G.A. (2005) New System Economics: a Senior Secondary Course, Ibadan: Africana FIRST Publishers Ltd.
• Wannacott and Wannacott (1979) Economics, New York: McGraw-Hil

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The WAEC Auto Electrical Work Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks – covers six core topics: Battery, Starting System, Ignition System, Charging System, Lighting System, and Auxiliary System. Candidates will be assessed on their knowledge, skills, and attitudes in maintaining and repairing auto electrical systems, utilizing safety practices and diagnostic tools like multimeters and test lamps.

Aims & Objectives

• Students Must understand the concepts in auto electrical works
• Students must use tools and equipment to carry out maintenance and repair on motor vehicles
• Students must understand the safety practices and observe them in the work environment .

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which are to be taken. Papers 1 and 2 shall be composite papers to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1

will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which are to be answered in 45 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2

will consist of six short-structured questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four in 1 hour for 60 marks.

PAPER 3

This will be a practical test of 2 hours duration. It will consist of three skill-based questions, out of which candidates will answer two for 90 marks.

WAEC Auto Electrical Work Syllabus 2026/2027-PDF DOWNLOAD

Major Topics	Sub-Topics and Concepts
I. Power Source (Battery)	Concept of Battery: Understanding the basic function and working principle.
	Practical Aspects: Uses of battery.
	Types and Structure: Types, constructional details, and ratings of batteries.
	Maintenance and Testing: Charging procedures. Testing and Maintenance techniques (including use of hydrometer, high-rate discharge tester).
II. Engine Starting System	Fundamentals: Purpose and components of the starting system.
	Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the starting system.
	Components: Types of starter motor.
	Repair and Service: Repair of starter motors.
III. Ignition System	Fundamentals: Purpose and components of the ignition system.
	Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the ignition system.
	Components: Construction and operation of the ignition coil.
	Types and Timing: Types of Ignition System. Timing procedures.
	Faults and Repairs: Identifying faults and performing repairs.
IV. Charging System	Fundamentals: Purpose and components of the charging system.
	Components: Alternator (structure and operation).
	Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the charging system.
	Faults and Repairs: Identifying faults and performing repairs.
V. Lighting System	Fundamentals: Purpose and classification of lighting in a motor vehicle.
	Components: Headlamps (structure and function).
	Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the lighting system.
	Maintenance: Maintenance and repairs of the lighting system.
VI. Auxiliary System	Concept and Components: Concept and Components of an auxiliary system (general overview).
	Details and Operation: Constructional details and operation of auxiliary system components.
	Maintenance: Maintenance and repairs of auxiliary components.
VII. Required Facilities and Equipment	Equipment (Major): Motor Batteries, Battery charger, Testing lamp, Jumper cable.
	Testing/Measuring Tools: Ammeter, voltmeter, multimeter, High-rate discharge tester, Hydrometer, Feeler gauge, Tester (Screwdriver type).
	Hand Tools/Specialized: A complete toolbox, Spanners, Battery head moulder set, Hand drilling machine, Vice, Wire brush, Bearing extractor, Pulley extractor, Soldering iron and lead, Cable stripper.
	Consumables/Safety: Polythene hand gloves set, Emery cloth, Wooden file, Aprons, Insulation tape.
	Workspace/Miscellaneous: Bench/Table, Magnetic pick-up, Google, Plastic trays.

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The WAEC Syllabus For Animal Husbandry 2026/2027covers topics like Animal production, management, processing, marketing, and entrepreneurship, Animal anatomy and nutrition to disease control and pasture management.

The Aims & Objectives

• Basic animal production practices such as feeding, housing, pest and disease control
• The efficient and effective management of animal enterprises
• The application of environmentally friendly practices to sustain production
• The identification of basic problems hindering the improvement of the Animal Industry
• The efficient processing, preservation, packaging, storage and marketing of animals and their products.

The Scheme of Animal Husbandry

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.

PAPER 1:

Will consist of fifty multiple choice objective questions all of which must be
answered within 1 hour for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:

Will consist of six essay-type questions. Candidates will be required to
answer four questions within 2 hours for 80 marks.

PAPER 3:

Will be a practical paper for school candidates or a test of practical paper for
private candidates. The paper will consist of four questions, all of which must
be answered within 2 hours for 60 marks.

DOWNLOAD HERE

WAEC Syllabus For Animal Husbandry 2026/2027

The topics related to Anatomy, Physiology, Production, and Health of Farm Animals are divided into distinct and logical categories.

Major Topics	Sub-Topics and Concepts
I. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals	Meaning of Terms: Anatomy, physiology, and external orientation of farm animals.
	Digestive System: Comparative anatomy of the digestive system of farm animals. Digestion and absorption processes in various classes of farm animals.
	Nervous System: Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Functions of the ANS.
	Endocrine System: Endocrine glands and their functions. Hormones and their functions.
	Other Systems: Integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems.
	Reproductive System: Anatomy of the reproductive system of poultry and livestock. Functions of organs and parts. Reproductive processes.
	Circulatory System: Structure and functions. Heart and pulse rate.
	Respiratory System: Meaning and importance of respiration. Structure and functions of the respiratory system.
	Excretory System: Meaning and importance of excretion. Structure and functions of the excretory system. Excretory products.
II. Animal Nutrition	Introduction: Meaning and importance of animal nutrition. Modes of feeding.
	Feedstuffs and Supplements: Types, composition, and functions of feed nutrients. Classification of feedstuffs. Food tests. Producers and suppliers of feedstuffs and supplements.
	Feed Formulation and Preparation: Common terms used in feed formulation. Factors considered and steps in the formulation of ration.
	Handling and Storage: Importance of feed storage and features of storage structures. Factors that affect the quality of stored feed. Record keeping and estimation of cost. Pests of stored feed and their control.
III. Animal Health	Introduction: Meaning of terms. Signs of good and ill-health. Factors that predispose animals to diseases.
	Diseases and Pathogens: Effects of diseases, pests, and parasites on animal production. Zoonotic diseases (importance and prevention). Classification and economic importance of pathogens.
	Disease Prevention and Control: Principles for prevention and control. Management practices in prevention and control.
	Parasites (Ecto- and Endoparasites): Types and examples of parasites. Structure, life cycle, and mode of feeding. Conditions that influence parasite population. Prevention and control. Economic importance of parasites.
IV. Genetics and Animal Improvement	Genetic Principles: Heredity, basic genetic terms, and Mendel’s first law of inheritance.
	Animal Improvement: Meaning, objectives, and benefits. Performance traits of improved and unimproved animals. Methods (advantages and disadvantages). Nutritional and environmental factors affecting improvement.
	Artificial Insemination (A.I.): Meaning and process of A.I. Advantages of A.I. Signs of heat (oestrus) and handling procedures in the collection and storage of semen.
V. Environmental Physiology	Environment and Homeostasis: Internal and external environment of animals. Role of the nervous and endocrine systems in homeostasis and response to stimuli.
	Measurements and Effects: Determination of room temperature, body temperature, and respiration rate. Effects of climate on farm animals.
	Stress Management: Modification of animal environment and management practices to reduce stress on animals.
VI. Monogastric and Domestic Pet Production	Poultry Production: Definition, characteristics, classes, breeds, and types. Importance/role. Systems of production.
	Incubation and Hatchery: Terminologies. Natural and Artificial Incubation. Selection of eggs. Conditions necessary for hatching. Incubation process. Candling of eggs. Marketing of day-old chicks.
	Poultry Management: Management Practices. Processing and marketing. Prospects of producing various types of poultry.
	Pig Production: Types, breeds, and characteristics. Importance. Systems of keeping pigs. Management practices. Slaughtering, processing, and marketing.
	Domestic Pets: Meaning and importance of pets. Management of pets. Training and marketing of pets.
VII. Ruminant Production	Sheep and Goat Production: Common breeds, distribution, and characteristics. Importance. Management practices. Common parasites and diseases and their control. Processing and marketing.
	Beef Cattle Production: Breeds and characteristics. Importance. Common production systems. Planning, production, and management for beef and traction. General management practices. Processing and marketing. Major problems in beef cattle production.
	Dairy Cattle Production: Breeds and features. Characteristics, sources, and importance of milk. Management practices. Diseases and their control. Production, processing, and marketing of milk and dairy products. Problems of dairy cattle production in warm climates.
VIII. Range and Pasture Management	Introduction: Basic terminologies. Types of pasture and their features. Importance of pastures and forage crops. Factors that affect pasture productivity. Major forage crops. Poisonous plants.
	Pasture Establishment and Management: Qualities of good pasture and forage species. Establishment of pasture. Improving natural pastures. Management of cultivated pastures. Harvesting of forage crops.
	Forage Conservation: Meaning and importance of forage conservation. Preparation of hay and silage. Utilization of crop residue in feeding animals.
IX. Non-Traditional Animal Production	Rabbit and Grasscutter Production: Common breeds. Importance. Management Practices. Processing and Marketing.
	Snail Farming (Heliculture): Meaning and importance. External features of snails. Types of species. Site selection. Management Practices. Processing and marketing of snails.
X. Integrated Practical Application	Establishing Enterprises: Breeds of farm animals, classification, anatomy and physiology, animal nutrition, diseases/prevention, artificial insemination, environmental physiology, management practices, animal products/by-products, range/pasture management, animal housing and structures.

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List of Facilities and Major Equipments

A. FARM BUILDING/STRUCTURE

ITEM NO	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1	Poultry/Pig House/Battery Cages	1
2	Cattle/Goat/Sheep Pen	1
3	Rabbit/Grass cutter Hutch	1
4	Snairy/Bee Hive	1

B. LIVE ANIMALS

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1.	Poultry/Pig	10
2.	Rabbits/Grass cutter	10
3.	Cattle/Sheep/Goat	10
4.	Snails/Bees	50/100

C. SPECIMEN

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT
1.	Tick
2.	Lice
3.	Liver fluke
4.	Tapeworm
5.	Roundworm
6.	Flea
7.	Tsetse fly
8.	Pests

D. CHARTS AND PICTURES

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1.	Digestive system of ruminants	5
2.	Digestive system of non-ruminants	5
3.	Reproductive organs of male livestock	5
4.	Reproductive organs of female livestock	5
5.	Reproductive tract of poultry	5
6.	Skeletal system of farm animals	5
7.	Circulatory system	5
8.	Muscular system	5
9.	Endocrine system	5
10.	Calendar of ovulation	5
11.	Calendar of Oestrus cycle	5
12.	Classes of farm animals	5
13.	Calendar of heat period	5
14.	Calendar of animal diseases	5

E. MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1.	Buddizor pliers/castrators	2
2.	Elastrators	2
3.	Debeakers	2
4.	Candlers	2
5.	Dehorning saw	4
6.	Ear notching knife	2
7.	Electro-ejaculator	2
8.	Artificial Inseminators	2
9.	Hand sprayer/Knapsack sprayer	2
10.	Refrigerators to store materials	2
11.	Clinical thermometer	2
12.	Films	Many
13.	Television	2
14.	CD Video Player	2
15.	16mm Film Projector	2

F.    DRUGS/VACCINES/MATERIALS

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1.	First aids kits/boxes containing surgical blades, cotton wool, iodine and razor.	2
2.	Sterilizers e.g. Dettol, Izal	4
3.	Syringes and Needles	10
4.	Vaccines (various forms)	5
5.	Formalin, etc.	2 bottles

G. FEED SAMPLES

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1.	Bone meal	½ kg
2.	Blood meal	½ kg
3.	Fish meal	½ kg
4.	Groundnut cake	½ kg
5.	Maize grains	½ kg
6.	Groundnut  meal	½ kg
7.	Coconut meal	½ kg
8.	Egg shell meal	½ kg
9.	Palm kernel meal	½ kg
10.	Periwinkle shell	½ kg
11.	Mineral salt lick, etc.	½ kg

H. OTHER MATERIALS

ITEM NO.	EQUIPMENT	QUANTITY REQUIRED
1.	Feeding trough (Metal and Plastic)	5
2.	Drinkers (Metal and Plastic)	5
3.	Lanterns (source of heat)	5
4.	Foot dips	5
5.	Notebooks for Accounts and Records	5
6.	Wheelbarrow	5

The WAEC Syllabus for Agricultural Science 2026/2027 covers topics including the importance of agriculture, problems and solutions for agricultural development, different types of agriculture, soil science, agricultural engineering, crop production and protection, animal production and health, and agricultural economics and extension. Students are expected to learn about both the theoretical aspects and practical skills, with the syllabus detailing key areas for each section to help with exam preparation.

Aims and Objectives

• stimulate and sustain students’ interest in agriculture
• enable students acquire functional knowledge and practical skills to prepare them for further studies and occupation in agriculture.

Scheme of Examination

There will be three papers: Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1:

It will consist of fifty multiple-choice questions to be answered within 50 minutes for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:

It will consist of six essay questions, with each drawn from at least two themes in the syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer five of the questions within 2 hours and 10 minutes for 90 marks.

PAPER 3:

This will be a practical paper for school candidates and an alternative to practical paper for private candidates. It will consist of four questions, all of which should be answered within 1½ hours for 60 marks.

PDF DOWNLOAD

Waec Syllabus For Agricultural Science 2026/2027

Major Topics	Sub-Topics and Concepts
Introduction to Agriculture	Meaning and Importance of Agriculture: Definition and branches of agricultural science. Importance to the individual, community, and nation.
	Problems and Solutions: Problems related to land tenure, basic amenities, finance, transportation, storage/processing, education/extension, tools/machinery, farm inputs, marketing, and environmental degradation. Possible solutions.
	Subsistence vs. Commercial Agriculture: Meaning and differences based on characteristics. Advantages and disadvantages of each. Problems of each system.
	Government and NGO Roles: Roles of government in agricultural development (finance/credit, subsidy, education, extension, policies). Role and functions of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).
	Agricultural Laws and Reforms: Land tenure systems in West Africa. Government laws on land use. Advantages and disadvantages of the Land Use Act/Decree and reforms.
—	—
Agricultural Ecology	Meaning and Importance of Agricultural Ecology: Definition of agricultural ecology and ecosystem. Components of farm ecosystem (biotic and abiotic) and their interactions in terrestrial and aquatic agro-ecosystems.
	Land and Its Uses: Meaning and characteristics of land (free gift, immobile, limited supply). Uses (agricultural: crop/livestock production, wildlife conservation; non-agricultural: industry, housing, transport).
	Factors Affecting Land Availability: Physical (soil type, topography, degradation, pollution). Economic (population pressure, industrial expansion, mining, recreation). Socio-cultural (land tenure, religious purpose).
	Agro-Allied Industries: Agro-based industries and raw materials (paper, beverage, textile, soap). Relationship between agriculture and industries (agriculture provides market for industrial products and food for workers).
	Environmental Factors: Climatic factors (rainfall, temperature, light, wind, relative humidity). Biotic factors (predators, parasites, pests, pathogens, weeds, interrelationships like competition, parasitism, mutualism). Edaphic factors (soil pH, texture, structure, type).
	Rock and Soil Formation: Types of rock (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and processes of formation. Factors and Processes of soil formation (parent rock, organisms, climate, topography, time; physical/chemical weathering). Soil profile development.
	Types, Composition, and Properties of Soil: Types of soil. Chemical/Biological composition (macro/micronutrients, water, macro-organisms, microbes, air). Soil pH. Physical properties (texture, structure).
	Plant Nutrients and Cycle: Macro and micronutrients: functions and deficiency symptoms. Factors affecting nutrient availability (pH, excess nutrients, leaching, crop removal, etc.). Methods of replenishing lost nutrients (crop rotation, manuring, fertilizer, fallowing, liming, cover-cropping). Nutrient cycles (Nitrogen, Carbon, Water, Phosphorus).
	Organic Agriculture: Meaning and importance.
	Water Management: Irrigation (meaning, types: overhead, surface, underground; advantages, disadvantages, importance, problems). Drainage (meaning, importance, types: surface, subsurface; advantages, disadvantages).
	Agricultural Pollution: Meaning. Causes/sources (excessive chemicals, oil spillage, livestock waste). Effects on farmers and productivity.
—	—
Agricultural Engineering/Mechanization	Simple Farm Tools: Meaning, types (cutlass, hoe, spade), general maintenance.
	Farm Machinery and Implements: Farm machinery (tractor, bulldozer, shellers, dryers, incubators, milking machines, combine harvester). Tractor-coupled implements (ploughs, harrows, ridgers, planters, harvesters, sprayers). Maintenance practices and precautionary measures.
	Agricultural Mechanization: Meaning. Mechanized operations. Advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and prospects.
	Farm Power: Sources of farm power. Advantages and disadvantages of different sources.
	Farm Surveying: Meaning, common equipment, uses, maintenance, and importance.
	Farm Planning and Farmstead: Meaning, factors, and importance of farm planning. Principles of farmstead planning (meaning, importance, factors, layout).
—	—
Crop Production and Protection	Classification of Crops: Based on uses (cereals, pulses, roots/tubers, vegetables), life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial, ephemeral), and morphology (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous).
	Husbandry of Selected Crops: Detailed study (botanical/common names, varieties, requirements, land prep, propagation, planting details, cultural practices, fertilizer, P&D control, harvesting, processing, storage) of representative crops from Cereals, Pulses, Roots/Tubers, Vegetables, Fruits, Beverages, Spices, Oils, Fibres, Latex, and Others (sugar cane).
	Pasture and Forage Crops: Meaning, uses, types. Common grasses and legumes. Factors affecting distribution/productivity. Establishment and management practices.
	Crop Improvement: Aims and methods (introduction, selection, breeding). Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Advantages and disadvantages.
	Forestry: Meaning of forest/forestry. Importance, regulations, management practices, and implications of deforestation.
	Agro-forestry: Meaning and practices (taungya system, alley cropping, ley farming).
	Ornamental Plants: Meaning, importance, common types (bedding, hedging, lawn grasses), examples. Settings and methods of cultivation (seed, vegetative). Maintenance.
	Diseases of Crops: Meaning and general effects. Detailed study (causal organism, economic importance, transmission, symptoms, control) of selected diseases for various crop groups (cereals, legumes, beverages, tubers, fruits, fibre, vegetables, stored produce).
	Pests of Crops: Meaning. Classification of pests (insect, non-insect). Classification of insect pests by mouth parts (biting/chewing, piercing/sucking, boring). Detailed study (life cycle, economic importance, damage, control) of major insect pests of various crop groups (cereals, legumes, beverages, tubers, fibre, fruits/vegetables, stored produce). Non-insect pests (birds, rodents). Side effects of control methods (chemical, biological, cultural).
	Weeds: Meaning, types, effects on crops and economy. Characteristic features. Methods of controlling weeds (cultural, biological, chemical, physical, mechanical).
—	—
Animal Production and Health	Types and Classification: Types (cattle, sheep, goat, poultry, pig, rabbit, fish). Classification by habitat (terrestrial, aquatic) and uses (food, protection, pets).
	Anatomy and Physiology: Parts, organs (heart, liver, lungs), and systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory).
	Animal Reproduction: Meaning. Roles of hormones. Reproductive systems. Processes of reproduction. Egg formation in poultry.
	Environmental Physiology: Meaning. Effects of changes in climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, light) on growth, reproduction, milk/egg production, etc.
	Livestock Management: Meaning. Requirements (housing, feeding, hygiene, finishing) for at least one ruminant and one non-ruminant from birth to market weight. Importance of practices.
	Animal Nutrition: Meaning. Classification of feeds. Sources and functions of feed nutrients. Types of ration/diet (balanced, production, maintenance). Malnutrition (causes, symptoms, correction).
	Rangeland and Pasture Management: Meaning and importance of rangeland/pasture. Characteristics. Common grasses and legumes. Factors affecting herbage production. Improvement methods (controlled stocking, rotational grazing, fertilizers, reseeding, etc.).
	Animal Improvement: Meaning, aims, and methods (Introduction, selection, breeding). Artificial Insemination (meaning, semen collection methods, advantages/disadvantages).
	Animal Diseases and Parasites: Meaning of disease. Causal organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa). Predisposing factors (health status, nutrition, management). Animal reaction to diseases (susceptibility, resistance). Detailed study (causal organisms, symptoms, control) of selected diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoa). Parasites (meaning, types, life cycle, control) of endoparasites (tapeworm, liverfluke, roundworm) and ectoparasites (ticks, lice). General methods of prevention and control (quarantine, inoculation, hygiene, breeding for resistance).
	Aquaculture: Meaning. Types (fish, shrimp, crab farming). Meaning and importance of fish farming. Conditions for siting, establishment, and maintenance of fish ponds. Fishery regulations. Fishing methods and tools.
	Apiculture (Bee Keeping): Meaning. Types of bees (indigenous, exotic). Importance. Methods (traditional, modern). Equipment (beehives, hive tools). Precautionary measures.
—	—
Agricultural Economics and Extension	Basic Economic Principles: Scarcity, choice, scale of preference, law of diminishing returns. Factors of production (land, capital, labour, management/entrepreneur).
	Market Principles: Demand (definition, law, factors, movements, shifts). Supply (definition, law, factors, movements, shifts). Implications of demand and supply (price support, price control, subsidy programme and its effects).
	Farm Management: Functions and problems faced by a farm manager.
	Agricultural Finance: Meaning, importance, and sources of farm finance. Classes of farm credit (by time: short/medium/long; by source: institutional/non-institutional; by liquidity: cash/kind). Problems faced by farmers in procuring credit and by institutions in granting loans.
	Capital Market: Meaning. Institutions involved (bonds, insurance companies, merchant banks, stock exchange). Sources of funds. Roles in agricultural business.
	Farm Records and Accounts: Importance. Types of farm records (inventory, production, income/expenditure, supplementary). Designing records. Farm accounts (expenditure, income, profit and loss, balance sheet).
	Marketing: Meaning and importance. Marketing agents and functions (assembling, transportation, processing). Marketing of export crops (West African crops, guidelines, corporate bodies/cooperatives, importance of exporting). Problems of marketing.
	Agricultural Insurance: Meaning, importance. Types of insurance policies (specific enterprise, vehicle, fire, life assurance). Insurance premium. Problems with agricultural insurance.
	Agricultural Extension: Meaning and importance. Methods (individual/group contact). Programmes in West Africa (ADP, NDE, Agro-service centres). Problems of agricultural extension.
—	—
Practical Agricultural Science (Skills/Lab Work)	Agricultural Ecology/Soil: Soil profile. Rocks. Laboratory work on physical properties (mechanical analysis, bulk density, pore space, moisture content, water holding capacity, wilting point, capillary action). Chemical properties (soil acidity/pH). Chemical fertilizers. Organic manure (green, farm yard, compost). Irrigation and drainage.
	Agricultural Engineering: Farm tools and equipment. Tractor and animal-drawn implements. Harvesting, processing, and storage equipment. Farm tractor. Horticultural tools use and maintenance. Livestock and fishing equipment. Farm surveying equipment.
	Crop Production: Seeds, seedlings, fruits, and storage organs. Main pests and diseases. Planting dates, seed rates, plant population, and seed quality tests. Practical skills (seedbed prep, fertilizer application, mulching, pesticide use, watering, vegetative propagation, germination tests). Forest products and by-products. Propagation of horticultural plants. Common weeds.
	Animal Production: Common breeds and types. Major internal organs. Animal by-products. Animal feeds and feedstuffs/local sources. Main pests and parasites. Diseases. Routine management practices (selection, culling, ear-notching, tattooing, branding, debeaking, dehorning, castration). Fish harvesting and preservation.

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Waec Agricultural Science Textbooks 2026/2027

• 1. Adeniyi, M. O. et al (1999) Countdown to Senior Secondary Certificate Examination Agricultural Science, Ibadan: Evans.
• 2. Akinsanmi, A. O. (2000) Junior Secondary Agricultural Science, UK: Longman.
• 3. Akinsanmi, O. A. (2000) Senior Secondary Agricultural Science, UK: Longman.
• 4. Antonio, Q. B. O. (1999) General Agriculture for West Africa, London:George Allen
• 5. Are, L. A.et al (2010) Comprehensive Certificate Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary School, University Press Plc.
• 6. Egbuna, C. K. et al (2014) Extension Modern Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools (2010), Extension Publication
• 7. Emmanuel C. A. (2003) A Dictionary of Agriculture, Benue:Agitab Publisher Makurdi
• 8. Falusi, A. O. and Adeleye, I. O. A (2000) Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary SchoolsBooks 1- 3, Ibadan: Onibonoje
• 9. Komolafe, M. F., Adegbola, A. A., Are, L. A. and Ashaye, T. I. (2004) Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools 1, 2 and 3, Ibadan: University Press Ltd.
• 10. Philips T. A. (1986) Agricultural Notebook, Lagos: Longman
• 11. STAN (1999) Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools, Lagos: Longman