WAEC Syllabus 2026

Download WAEC Syllabus 2026/2027 For All Subjects – PDF

Download WAEC Syllabus 2026/2027 For All Subjects (PDF Download): Welcome to the 2026 WAEC Syllabus Download Page. Access mobile-friendly web versions and PDFs of all 2026 WASSCE syllabuses. WAEC provides these schemes of work to guide students on the topics they need to master for effective exam preparation.

Waec Syllabus for MAY JUNE 2026/2027 Candidates

#	Subject
1	Agricultural Science
2	Animal Husbandry (ALT A)
3	Animal Husbandry ALT B
4	Art
5	Auto Body Repairs
6	Auto Electrical Work
7	Auto Mechanical Work
8	Auto Parts Merchandising
9	Basic Electricity / Applied Electricity
10	Basketry
11	Biology
12	Book Keeping
13	Building Construction
14	Business Management
15	Christian Religious Studies
16	Catering
17	Ceramics
18	Chemistry
19	Civic Education
20	Clerical Office Duties
21	Commerce
22	Computer Science
23	Data Processing
24	Economics
25	Edo
26	Efịk
27	English Language
28	Financial Accounting
29	Fisheries (Alternative B)
30	Foods and Nutrition
31	Forestry
32	French
33	Further Mathematics
34	Geography
35	Government
36	GSM Phones
37	Hausa
38	Health Education
39	History
40	Home Management
41	ICT (Core)
42	Ibibio
43	Igbo
44	Insurance
45	Islamic Studies
46	Literature in English
47	Marketing
48	Mathematics
49	Mining
50	Music
51	Office Practice
52	Painting and Decorating
53	Physics
54	Radio, Television and Electronics Works
55	Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning
56	Shorthand
57	Store Management
58	Textiles
59	Tourism
60	Typewriting
61	Welding
62	West African Traditional Religion
63	Woodwork
64	Yoruba

January 27, 2026

WAEC West African Traditional Religion Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC syllabus for West African Traditional Religion covers beliefs, practices, and the relationship between religion and society through an essay and multiple-choice exam. It is divided into three sections for the essay paper: a general introduction to West African Traditional Religion, the individual and the community, and contemporary society.

Key topics include the structure of traditional religion, religious personalities, festivals, ethics, and the influence of modernity on these practices. covers beliefs, practices, and the relationship between religion and society through an essay and multiple-choice exam.

It is divided into three sections for the essay paper: a general introduction to West African Traditional Religion, the individual and the community, and contemporary society. Key topics include the structure of traditional religion, religious personalities, festivals, ethics, and the influence of modernity on these practices.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates have gained insight into and have an appreciation of the traditional religious beliefs and practices and their impact on the lives of the people
Candidates have worked out practical ways of confronting the challenges that West Africans face in utilizing acceptable traditional moral ideas and principles
Candidates must understand how our traditional principles can be applied in their daily lives
Candidates have analyzed the major traditional religious factors that influence the political, social, and economic life of West Africa.

Examination Guides

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which will be a composite paper and will be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1:

Will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which must be answered within 50 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2:

Will consist of three sections, Sections A, B and C, each consisting of three essay-type questions. The sections shall cover the following areas of the syllabus

Section A: General Introduction to West African Traditional Religion
Section B: The Individual and the Community
Section C: Contemporary Society

Candidates will be required to answer four questions in all, choosing at least one question from each section, for a total of 60 marks. The paper will take 2 hours 10 minutes.

WAEC West African Traditional Religion Syllabus 2026/2027

SECTION	TOPICS

SECTION A: GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION

Introduction to the Study of WATR
Nature
Characteristics of WATR
Belief in the Supreme Being
Divinities, Ancestors, Mystical Powers
Purpose/Reasons for Studying WATR
Terms Used to Describe WATR
Fetishism and Paganism
Animism and Ancestral Worship
Polytheism and Monotheism
Totemism
Primitive
Sources of WATR
Non-Oral Sources
Traditional Arts/Crafts
Oral Sources
Names and Attributes of God
Theophorous Names
Proverbs/Wise Sayings
Songs/Dirges
Myths/Legends and Drum Language
Approaches to the Study of WATR
Thematic Approach
Comparative Approach
Historical Approach
Enumerative Approach
The Structure of WATR
God in West African Belief
The Ancestors
The Divinities
Charms and Amulets
Worship in WATR
Introduction to Worship
Main Features
Prayer/Libation
Sacrifice
Spirit Possession

SECTION B: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE COMMUNITY

Religious Personalities
Concept/Types of Religious Personalities
Processes for Selecting Religious Personalities
Functions of Religious Leaders
Festivals
Types of Festivals
Significance of Festivals
Religion and Medicine
Introduction
Herbal Medicine
Traditional and Orthodox Healing
Concept of Time, Work & Wealth
Concept of Time
Definition of Time
Concept of the Future
Importance of Time
Concept of Wealth
Meaning/Attitude Towards Wealth
Ways of Acquiring Wealth
Consequences of Acquiring Wealth
Concept of Man
Concept of Destiny
Enemies of Life
Witchcraft and Magic
Meaning of Witchcraft & Magic
Acquisition of Witchcraft
Role of Witchcraft & Magic
Malevolent Spirits
Religion and Ethics
Main Features of Ethics
Sources of Ethics
Moral Values/Virtues
Taboos and Sin
Covenant in WATR
Rites of Passage
Stages: Birth, Naming, Puberty, Marriage, Death
Importance of Rites of Passage

SECTION C: CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Traditional Political Institutions
Chieftaincy
Structure of Chieftaincy
Selection of Chiefs
Importance of Chieftaincy
Asafo Companies
Introduction/Background
Importance
Religion and Tourism
Introduction
Religion and Tourism
Use of Leisure Time
Sacred Personalities and Tourism
Sacred Places and Tourism
Sacred Objects and Tourism
Religion and Stress Management
Meaning & Types of Stress
Causes & Effects of Stress
Management of Stress
Conflict Resolution in WATR
Concept of Conflict
Causes of Conflict
Effects of Conflict
Conflict Resolution and Management
Reproductive Health
Hygiene, Sexuality, Promiscuity/Abortion
Circumcision Rites
WATR and Modernity
Impact of Christianity & Islam on WATR
Impact of WATR on Christianity & Islam
Impact of Science & Technology
Environmental Conservation
Impact of Urbanization
New Religious Movements
Afrikania Missions (Ghana)
Godianism (Nigeria)
Future of WATR.

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November 21, 2025

WAEC Welding Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Welding Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: includes topics such as workshop safety, properties of metals, tools and equipment, welding and fabrication operations, and sheet metalwork. Practical aspects include demonstrations of protective wear and first aid, setting up oxy-acetylene equipment, and welding techniques like leftward and rightward methods. Students are also expected to complete projects like a named plate or a charcoal stove.

Examination Guides

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken.

Papers 1 and 2 will be composite papers to be taken in one sitting.

Paper 1:

This will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which are to be answered in 1 hour for 40 marks.

Paper 2:

The second paper (Paper 2) will consist of five questions, out of which candidates will be required to answer any four in 1½ hours for 60 marks.

Paper 3:

This will be a practical test of 3 hours, 10 minutes in duration. It will consist of one compulsory question for 100 marks.

A list of materials for the test shall be made available to schools not less than two weeks before the paper is taken for material procurement and relevant preparations.

WAEC Welding Syllabus 2026/2027

UNIT / TOPIC	SUBTOPICS / CONTENTS	PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES
1. Workshop and Standard Workshop Practices	• Introduction to fabrication and welding practice • Safety precautions in welding and fabrication • Types and causes of accidents (fire, explosion, sharp objects, hazardous gases, etc.) • Accident prevention measures • Types/causes of environmental pollution • Pollution prevention methods • Safety facilities and protective wear • Workshop layout (fabrication & welding) • Standard welding codes and symbols • First-aid administration	• Demonstration of protective wear use • Demonstration of first-aid applications
2. Properties of Metals and Material Selection	• Ferrous & non-ferrous metals (steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, cast iron, alloy steel) • Metal properties (ductility, hardness, toughness, malleability, elasticity, plasticity, fusion, tenacity, brittleness) • Sheet metals (aluminum, brass, mild steel) • Gauges of sheet metals • Selection of appropriate metals • Heat treatment (hardening, annealing, normalizing, tempering, case-hardening) • Identification of ferrous & non-ferrous metals	• Annealing, hardening & normalizing operations
3. Tools and Equipment in Fabrication & Welding	• Identification of tools & equipment • Equipment set-up (gas & arc welding) • Job holding devices • Measuring, marking-out & cutting tools • Parts/accessories of gas & arc welding equipment • Maintenance of gas & arc welding equipment • Preparation of acetylene gas from carbide • Electrodes (types, composition, gauges & selection) • Fault detection & troubleshooting equipment	• Setting up oxy-acetylene equipment • Use of measuring, marking-out & cutting tools
4. Operations and Techniques in Welding & Fabrication	• Types of welding (gas & arc), principles & differences • Fabrication process description • Types of joints & applications • Marking-out techniques • Use of templates • Welding techniques • Fabrication techniques • Folding techniques & importance	• Job cutting techniques • Leftward & rightward welding methods • Wire-edge project
5. Fasteners	• Classification of fasteners • Rivets and applications • Bolts and nuts • Screws	• Production of riveted joints • Production of bolts & nuts
6. Forging Process	• Definition of forging • Tools & equipment (furnace, swages, fullers, flatters, tongs) • Forging procedures: upsetting, drawing down, twisting, bending, forging an eye	• Forging an eye
7. Preparation of Welding Surfaces & Environment	• Surface preparation: wire brush, emery cloth, files, scrapers, grinding machine • Edge preparation: single V, double V, fillets • Post-surface preparation (cleaning, oiling) • Welding surface defects (causes & remedies) • Welding environment (awkward, unventilated, flammable materials, slippery floor) • Surface finishing (painting, metal spraying, galvanizing, oiling)	• Preparation of single V surface
8. Practical Work / Project	• Marking shapes (triangle, square, rectangle) • Cutting & bending shapes • Soldering sheet metals • Steel welding (arc & gas) • Fabrication of metals into required shapes	Suggested Projects: name plate, trinket box, funnel, kitchen stool, car stopper, metal rake, scoop, hinges, charcoal stove, etc.
9. Business Entrepreneurship Opportunity	• Definitions of: entrepreneurship, employer, employee, enterprise, small/medium/large-scale enterprise • Factors for setting up a workshop (cost, site, weather, materials, manpower, market, power supply, transportation)	• Site visit to existing enterprises
10. Facilities & Major Equipment Required	Tools & Equipment List: Hammers, try squares, chisels, bending rollers, cutting/welding outfits, bench grinder, cone roller, flow-meter regulators, electrode holders, bench shears, carbide generator, electrode oven, power hacksaw, drilling machine, gloves, vee block, anvil, forge, straight edges, aprons, swage block, bench vice, trammel drivers, O₂ cylinders, chipping hammer, grinding machine, snips, transformers, flatters, buffer & polisher, hand/straight snips, hand shields, head caps, mole grip, blowpipes, scriber, dividers, goggles, sledge hammers, files, nibbling machine, trolley, plain goggles, acetylene cylinder, wire brushes, oxygen regulators, clamps (G-clamp, parallel, toolmakers), pliers, acetylene regulators, first-aid box, tongs, hoses, magnetic clamp, mallets, hacksaws, DC generators, self-grip pliers, workbench, guillotine, AC transformers, folding bars, fire extinguisher, sand bucket, cramp folding machine, riveting pliers, riveting set.	—

WAEC Welding Textbooks 2026/2027

Welding and Fabrication by W. Kenyon
The Science and Practice of Welding by A. C. Davis
Fabrication and Welding by F. J. M. Smith
Basic Welding by P. Somsky
The Theory and Practice of Metalwork by George Love
Metal Craft Theory and Practice by John R. Bedford
Metalwork Motivate Series by J. K. N. Sackey & S. K. Amoakohene
Metalwork Technology by G. H. Thomas
Workshop Processes and Materials by J. V. Courtney
Ilesanmi Metalwork for Senior Secondary School Books 1 – 3 by Adejuyigbe S. B. and S. K. Akinlosose.

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November 21, 2025

WAEC Mathematics Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Mathematics Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers: topics such as number and numeration, algebra, mensuration, plane geometry, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry. Other important areas include introductory calculus, statistics, probability, vectors and transformations. It is important to remember that the curriculum is similar to previous years, and WAEC has indicated that subject names may change, but the content will remain the same.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates Mathematical competency and computational skills
Candidates must have Understanding of mathematical concepts and their relationship to the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills for everyday living in the global world
Candidates must have the ability to translate problems into mathematical language and solve them using appropriate methods
Candidates must have the ability to be accurate to a degree relevant to the problem at hand
Candidates must have Logical, abstract, and precise .

Examination Guides

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which must be taken.

PAPER 1:

The first paper will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions, drawn from the common areas of the syllabus, to be answered in 1½ hours for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:

The second paper will consist of thirteen essay questions in two sections, Sections A and B, to be answered in 2½ hours for 100 marks. Candidates will be required to answer ten questions in all.

Section A

Section A will consist of five compulsory questions, elementary in nature, carrying a total of 40 marks. The questions will be drawn from the common areas of the syllabus.

Section B

Section B will consist of eight questions of greater length and difficulty. The questions shall include a maximum of two, which shall be drawn from parts of the syllabuses that may not be peculiar to candidates’ home countries. Candidates will be expected to answer five questions for 60 marks.

WAEC Mathematics Syllabus 2026/2027

MAIN TOPIC	KEY SUBTOPICS / CONCEPTS
Number and Numeration	Number bases • Conversions between bases • Basic operations in bases • Modular arithmetic: concept, addition, subtraction, multiplication • Real-life applications
Fractions, Decimals & Approximations	Operations on fractions & decimals • Approximations • Significant figures
Indices	Laws of indices • Standard form (scientific notation)
Logarithms	Relationship between indices & logs (y = 10^k ⇔ log₁₀y = k) • Basic rules • Log & antilog tables • Multiplication, division, powers & roots
Sequence & Series	Patterns • Arithmetic Progression (AP) • Geometric Progression (GP)
Sets	Universal, finite, infinite, subsets, empty, disjoint sets • Venn diagrams for classification
Logical Reasoning	Simple statements • True/false • Negation & implications • Symbols • Venn diagrams
Integers & Rational Numbers	Positive & negative integers • 4 operations • Number line • Notation: ℕ, ℤ, ℚ
Surds (Radicals)	Simplification • Rationalization • Surds of form a√b • Basic operations
Matrices & Determinants	Order, notation, types • Matrix operations • Determinants
Ratio, Proportion & Rates	Ratios • Proportions • Work rates • Financial partnerships • Exchange rates • Density, speed, time
Percentages & Financial Maths	Simple/compound interest • Profit/loss • Depreciation • Discount • Commission • Hire purchase • Percentage errors
Variation	Direct, inverse, partial & joint variation • Practical applications
Algebraic Processes	Formulation of expressions • Evaluation • Simplification • Expansion • Factorization
Linear & Simultaneous Equations	Equations in one variable • Two-variable simultaneous equations
Change of Subject	Making a variable the subject • Substitution
Quadratic Equations	Solving quadratics • Forming quadratics from roots • Applications
Graphs of Linear & Quadratic Functions	Coordinates • Table of values • Plotting • Finding roots graphically • Tangents & gradients
Inequalities	Solution in one variable • Number line representation • Graphical solution in two variables
Algebraic Fractions	Operations with monomial & binomial denominators
Functions & Relations	One-one, one-many, many-one, many-many • Mappings • Rules of functions
Mensuration – Lengths & Perimeters	Pythagoras • Sine/cosine rules • Arcs, sectors, segments • Longitudes & latitudes
Mensuration – Areas	Triangles, quadrilaterals • Circles, sectors, segments • Surface areas: cube, cuboid, cylinder, prism, pyramid, cone, sphere • Similar figures • Compound areas
Mensuration – Volumes	Volumes of solids • Similar solids
Plane Geometry – Angles	Angles at a point • Straight line • Vertically opposite • Parallel-line angles • Intercepts
Triangles & Polygons	Angle sum • Exterior angle theorem • Special triangles • Quadrilaterals • Similar triangles • Polygon angles
Circles	Chords • Angle subtended at centre/circumference • Right angle from diameter • Same segment theorem • Opposite segment theorem • Tangent–radius perpendicularity • Alternate segment theorem
Constructions	Angle & line bisectors • Parallel/perpendicular lines • Constructing angles (90°, 60°, 45°, 30°) • Constructing triangles & quadrilaterals
Loci	Points at given distance from a point/line • Equidistant from two points/lines • Intersection of loci
Coordinate Geometry	XY-plane concept • Coordinates of points
Trigonometry	Sine, cosine, tangent • Special angles (30°, 45°, 60°) • Trig tables • 0°–360° values • Graphs • Elevation & depression • Bearings
Introductory Calculus	Differentiation: meaning, gradients, rules • Simple algebraic derivatives • Applications (max/min, rates of change) • Integration: meaning & simple definite integrals
Statistics	Frequency distribution • Pie/bar charts • Histogram • Frequency polygon • Mean, median, mode • Cumulative frequency & ogive • Dispersion: range, IQR, variance, SD
Probability	Experimental & theoretical probability • Addition rule • Multiplication rule
Vectors & Transformations	Vectors as directed segments • Components • Magnitude • Addition/subtraction • Scalar multiplication • Reflection • Rotation • Translation • Enlargement
Units	Length: mm–cm–m–km • Area: m²–hectare • Capacity: cm³–litre • Mass: mg–g–kg–tonne • Currencies of Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, UK, USA, Franc zones

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November 20, 2025

WAEC Visual Art Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Visual Art Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks includes theoretical and practical components covering General Knowledge in Art, West African Art, and Pre-historic, Ancient Egyptian, and Western Art. It also covers practical skills in areas like drawing, 2D creative design (e.g., graphic design, textile design), and 3D creative design (e.g., sculpture, ceramics). The exam is structured into three papers: a multiple-choice paper, an essay paper, and a practical paper.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must improve their development of perceptual, analytical and expressive skills through a variety of art activities relating to the environment
Candidates’ Knowledge and skills in the use and maintenance of art tools, equipment and materials
Candidates must have a Level of appreciation of the values and qualities of different works of art.
Candidates mush have the Knowledge and application of design elements and principles
Candidates must have the Knowledge of art history and art structure
Candidates must have Knowledge and appreciation of their culture in relation to other cultures
The candidates must have Understanding of the meaning, significance and role of art in the socio-economic development of their society
Understanding indigenous art technology, aesthetics, beliefs, values, and attitudes
Students must acquire the Skills in the development of local materials and resources, especially in the promotion of small-scale industries

Examination guides

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1:

It will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which must be

answered within 50 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2:

It will consist of five essay-type questions. Candidates will be required to answer three questions within 1 hour and 30 minutes for 60 marks.

PAPER 3:

It will consist of two sections, Sections A and B.

Section A will be drawing/painting and will be compulsory for all candidates.

Two questions will be set, one on still life and the other on imaginative composition, and candidates will be expected to answer one of them within 3 hours for 50 marks.

Section B will consist of two questions, one on lettering/calligraphy and the other on product design. Candidates will be required to answer one question from either lettering/calligraphy or product design within 3 hours for 50 marks.

The paper will be sent to candidates a fortnight in advance of the date of its conduct.

WAEC Visual Art Syllabus 2026/2027

Main Topic / Unit	Subtopics / Content Areas
1. Rationale for Visual Arts	Importance and justification for studying visual arts.
2. Concept of Visual Arts & General Knowledge	Definition and meaning of visual arts; branches; relevance of art.
3. Scope & Vocations of Visual Arts	Career paths; professional opportunities; fields of specialization.
4. Role of Art in National Development	Art in socio-economic development; cultural identity; industry and employment.
5. Basic Drawing Tools, Equipment & Materials	Pencils, erasers, papers, sharpeners, drawing boards, fixatives etc.
6. Drawing	Definition, techniques, types, purposes; identification of drawing types.
7. Exploration of Tools/Equipment/Materials	Study and application of tools used in art production.
8. Drawing Media Preparation & Care	Uses, maintenance, safety, preservation of media.
9. Basic Design & Composition	Composition rules, arrangement, design foundations.
10. Perspective	Definition; types—1-point, 2-point, 3-point perspective.
11. Idea Development	Ideas from natural and artificial/man-made objects.
12. Drawing for Communication	Analytical studies, object drawing, figure drawing.
13. Design Process	Definition; steps in design problem-solving.
14. Product Designing	Concepts, planning and creation of functional products.
15. Two- & Three-Dimensional Designing	2D designs (flat), 3D designs (forms, models).
16. Computer as a Tool in Art	Parts of the computer; uses in digital art.
17. Portfolio Building	Importance, functions, types of portfolios.
18. Elements, Principles & Organization of Design	Line, shape, colour, texture, balance, contrast, rhythm etc.
19. Perception	Definition; visual perception in art.
20. Colour Theory	Definition; 12-point colour wheel; sources of colour; terminology; mixing; harmony; psychology; relationships; perspective.
21. Ghanaian Colour Concepts	Association of colour with Ghanaian objects & culture.
22. Colour Symbolism	Meaning and cultural significance of colours.
23. Printmaking/Printing	Definition; tools, materials, equipment; processes (direct/indirect). Relief, intaglio, lithography, serigraphy, photographic screen printing; prints from surfaces; printing as communication.
24. Lettering	Definitions; types—block letters, calligraphy, upper/lower case, parts of letters; Gothic (sans serif) and Roman (serif).
25. Prehistoric Art	Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic; beginnings; locations; cave art; uses (e.g., hunting magic); techniques, tools, materials; terms.
26. Ancient Art: Egyptian	Purpose (eternity); characteristics; conventions/canons; influence on other cultures.
27. Greek, Renaissance, Oriental & Oceanic Art	Greek art (Archaic–Hellenistic contributions); Renaissance (rebirth, origins, artists, achievements, relevance); Oriental art (beliefs, forms, functions in Indian/Chinese/Japanese); Oceanic art (Polynesian & Melanesian beliefs/forms/functions).
28. African Art	Religious influence (animism, magic, myth); art forms and functions; African concept of art (functionality); types (visual, performing, verbal); characteristics; West African groups; contemporary vs. indigenous; relevance; change through religion, education, trade, politics.
29. Art in National Development	Contributions of art to society, economy, culture.
30. Ghanaian Attitudes to Art Development	Indigenous art forms (e.g., Adinkra); contemporary Ghanaian artists; symbolism; functions; art & tourism.
31. Art Appreciation & Modern Art	Concepts; procedures (identification, inventory, technical qualities, interpretation); creativity; aesthetics; criticism; judgment; modern art movements—Cubism, Impressionism, Post/Neo Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Surrealism.
32. Entrepreneurship in Visual Arts	Art enterprises; setting up a business; finance & technical assistance; management; customer relations; costing & pricing; marketing strategies; business risks; exhibition planning & mounting.
33. Professional Ethics	Ethical behaviour, copyright, professionalism.
34. Business Plan Development	Definition; importance; steps in preparation.
35. Artist’s Statement	Definition; importance; how to write one.
36. Business Brochure & Card	Definition; importance; use in promotion.
37. Museum & Gallery Studies	Definition; history; development; functions; socio-economic importance; administrative structure; authenticity & neutrality; examples of museums & activities.

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November 19, 2025

WAEC Typewriting Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Typewriting Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks assesses a candidate’s ability to type at a minimum of 40 words per minute, producing mailable documents and completing practical office tasks. The examination includes a speed and accuracy test, and production tasks such as business correspondence, manuscript typing, display work, tabulation, and completing business forms. Candidates are expected to handle documents with various manuscript corrections and follow instructions for layout, punctuation, and alignment.

Examination Guides

The total time allowed for the examination will be 2 hours 45 minutes.
5 minutes for warming up on the material supplied by the Council in the examination paper. The time taken for typing the preliminary passage will not be included in the time for the examination.
5 minutes for a speed and accuracy test.
10 minutes for reading through the examination paper.
2 hours 30 minutes for production tasks.
The speed and accuracy test will be set at 40 words per minute and will carry 10 percent of the total marks. The syllabic intensity of the passage will range between 1.35 and 1.40.
The production test will consist of a maximum of 5 tasks and will start after all the scripts for the speed and accuracy test have been collected and duly initialed by the invigilator.
The total standard words for the examination (both tasks and accuracy test) will range between 1350 and 1450.
The total number of instructions attracting penalties will range between 40 and 50.

What to Note?

For the successful implementation of this syllabus, institutions offering this course should provide a sufficient number of typewriters for students and ensure at least five periods of forty minutes each per week.

Qualified typewriting teachers should handle the subject.

Where the number of candidates exceeds the number of available typewriters for the examination, institutions may apply to the Council for permission to conduct the examination in two or three sessions on the same day.

The centre will be responsible for the effective segregation of candidates to ensure that those leaving an earlier session have no contact with candidates attending a later session for the entire duration of the examination.

Applications for such sessions, indicating the number of papers required for each session and the proposed times, must be submitted when the entry forms are returned to the appropriate national office.

The typewriting teacher should not act as a Supervisor or Invigilator in his or her own school but may assist if a defect in a machine unexpectedly affects a candidate’s progress.

There should be an alternative paper (Alternative B), which will be made available to schools that cannot accommodate all candidates for the typewriting examination on the scheduled day, provided the Council is given at least six months’ notice.

The use of electric typewriters may be permitted; however, the Council will not accept responsibility for any electrical or electronic problems. Supervisors and Invigilators must ensure that the memory of the typewriter is removed or cleared and that candidates submit typed scripts for the speed and accuracy test.

Any satisfactory method of erasure will be allowed, except in the speed and accuracy test, where no corrections are permitted.

WAEC Typewriting Syllabus 2026/2027

Sections	Topics Covered
Correspondence	– Use of pre-printed A4 and A5 headed paper – Letters and memoranda with insets, continuation sheets, subject headings, enclosures, attention lines, and distribution of carbon copies – Private, personal, and confidential markings – Form letters and circular letters (with/without tear-off portions) – Envelope addressing, envelopes with special marks
Manuscript	– Manuscript with or without inset matter
Display Work – Headings	– Main headings – Sub-headings – Shoulder headings – Paragraph headings – Marginal/side headings
Paragraphing	– Blocked paragraphs – Indented paragraphs – Hanging paragraphs
Paragraph Numbering	– Arabic numbering – Roman numbering – Decimal numbering – Alphabetical numbering
Display Work	– Menus – Advertisements – Itineraries
Meetings and Reports	– Notice of meetings (with or without agenda) – Chairman’s agenda – Minutes – Reports
Business Forms, Cards, etc.	– Completion of pre-printed forms including: • Application forms • Personal

STATIONERY FOR THE EXAMINATION

A4 plain – 9
A4 headed – 2
A4 memorandum – 2
A4 yellow flimsy – 4
A5 plain – 4
A5 headed – 2
A5 memorandum – 2
C6 envelope – 2
Card (approx. 6” x 4” – 152mm x 100mm)
Speed Test Sheet
One (1) light blue/green paper
Carbon papers.

WAEC Typewriting Textbooks 2026/2027

Title of Book	Author(s)
Typewriting for Senior Secondary School	Iris Kerry
Typing for West Africa	Paul Bailey & Emmanuel Odina
Wamsley Commercial Typewriting (West Africa Edition)	Odepidan A. F.
Universal Typing: Realistic Office Assignments	Edith Mackay
Basic Typewriting	—
Universal Typing Students’ Book	Edith Mackay
Applied Typing	Drummond & Scattergood
— (Author only provided)	Edith Mackay

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November 19, 2025

WAEC Store Management Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Store Management Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: topics such as the overview of storekeeping, equipment and facilities, warehousing, requisitioning, inventory control, stock valuation, and identification of store items. The syllabus is structured around these core areas to assess a candidate’s understanding of store management principles and practices.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must have an Understanding of the rudiments of running a store and entrepreneurial skills
Candidates must have an Understanding of the concepts of wholesaling and retailing, basic business documents, and how to handle business finance
Candidates must develop the Ability to relate concepts learned to control stock, keep records and manage business risk.

Examination Guides

There will be two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, which will be combined into a composite paper and taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1 will consist of fifty multiple-choice questions, which will last for 1hour and carry 50 marks.

PAPER 2 will consist of seven essay questions, of which candidates will be required to answer any five in 2 hours for 100 marks.

WAEC Store Management Syllabus 2026/2027

MAIN TOPIC	SUBTOPICS / KEY POINTS
Introduction to Store Management	• Meaning of store management • Importance of store management
Store Management	• Functions of a store manager • Characteristics of a store manager
Customer Services	• Pre-sale services • After-sale services
Functions of Management	• Planning • Organization • Leading • Staffing • Controlling
Factors in Establishing a Store	• Market • Finance • Types of stock • Transport • Accessibility • Security • Government regulation • Personnel
Retailing	• Definition • Functions of a retailer
Wholesaling	• Definition • Functions of a wholesaler
Warehousing	• Meaning of warehousing • Types of warehousing • Importance of warehousing
Transportation	• Definition • Means of transportation • Advantages & disadvantages of each means • Factors determining transport choice
Stock Control – Introduction	• Meaning of stock control • Importance of stock control
Types of Stock Records	• Stock list • Bin card / Store card • Store requisition form • Delivery note
Methods of Stock Control	• Manual method • Periodic, perpetual & annual stocktaking • Computerized method
Levels of Stock Control	• Maximum level • Minimum level • Reorder level
Issuing of Stock	• FIFO • LIFO
Pricing	• Definition • Types of pricing: skimming, mark-up, mark-down, penetration, below/above-mark pricing
Organizational Policy	• Definition • Employment policy • Decision making • Customer services • Public relations
Organizational Standards	• Definition of standards • Productivity standards • Standards for customer satisfaction
Organizational Culture	• Definition & explanation • Attitude to customers • Relationship with co-workers • Relationship with boss • Dress code
Business Communication	• Definition of communication • Types: oral, written, non-verbal • Business documents: letters, memos, reports, circulars
Electronic Communication	• Definition • Means: fax, telephone, email, radio messages
Word Processing	• Using a computer to write business letters
Business Law – Overview	• Definition of business law
Law of Contract	• Elements of a contract • Rights & obligations of employer and employee
Agency	• Definition • Types • Creation of agency • Rights & obligations of principals and agents
Sale of Goods Act	• Contract of sale • Formalities of sale
Government Regulation of Business	• Patent rights • Copyright • Trademark • Health & Safety at Work Act • Consumer protection agency • Licensing
Government Regulatory Agencies	• NAFDAC • NDLEA • SON
Record Keeping – Documentation	• Filing and indexing: meaning, rules, methods • Source documents: invoices, receipts, cheques, vouchers
Trade Documents (Foreign Trade)	• Bills of Lading • Certificate of Origin • Consular invoice • Insurance certificate • Inspection certificate • Bills of Exchange • Indent • Letter of Credit • Proforma invoice
Trade Documents (Home Trade)	• Order • Enquiry • Waybill • Consignment note • Manifest • Invoice • Proforma invoice • Receipts • Credit & debit note • Vouchers
Bookkeeping – Subsidiary Books	• Meaning, types, uses • Purchase & sales day books • Returns inwards & outwards • Cash books
Imprest System	• Definition • Explanation • Preparation of petty cash book
Final Accounts	• Definition & purpose • Simple Trading Account • Profit & Loss Account • Balance Sheet
Sales / Turnover	• Meaning • Calculation of sales turnover rate
Risk Management	• Definition • Methods • Sound management practices • Risk reduction – optimum stock level • Hedging • Insurance (risk transfer)
Handling Finances of the Store	Investments: meaning; Capital investment: meaning, capital market, stock exchange functions, advantages of shareholding
Money Market Instruments	• Meaning • Treasury bills • Commercial papers • Bonds
Taxation	• Meaning of tax • Importance of tax • Types: income tax, import duties, excise duties, VAT

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November 18, 2025

WAEC Store Keeping Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Store Keeping Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks is likely similar to previous years, covering topics like store organization, inventory control, warehousing, requisitioning, and safety. Specific textbooks are not provided in the main syllabus, The exam structure consists of Paper 1 (multiple-choice objectives) and Paper 2 (essay questions).

Examination Guide

The WAEC Store-Keeping syllabus is vital for students offering Storekeeping, especially those pursuing careers in logistics, inventory management, and supply chain operations. The exam assesses your:

nderstanding of storekeeping concepts, organization, and layout.
Knowledge of storekeeping and warehousing functions.
Ability to apply concepts to inventory management and control

Following the syllabus helps you focus on key areas, while practicing past questions familiarizes you with the exam format and improves performance.

cThere will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which will constitute a composite paper, to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1: will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions to be answered within 50 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2: Will consist of six essay questions, out of which candidates will be required to answer any four within 2 hours. All questions will carry equal marks and the paper will carry a total of 80 marks

WAEC Store Keeping Syllabus 2026

WAEC STORE-KEEPING SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	OVERVIEW OF STORE KEEPING	1.1 Introduction to Store Keeping (i) Meaning and importance of storekeeping; (ii) Components of Store Keeping: – warehousing; – requisition; – inventory and inventory control. (iii) Areas where storekeeping is required. 1.2 Career Opportunities: (i) Definition (ii) Job opportunities (iii) factors influencing the choice of career in store-keeping (iv) Skills required for storekeeping: – numerical – administrative – computer 1.3 Roles, Attributes and Qualifications of a Store Keeper: (i) Functions of a Store Keeper: – receipt of goods; – store requisition; – store issues; – counting and grading; – weighting and classification; – record-keeping – Maintaining a clean store environment (ii) Attributes of a storekeeper: – Honesty; – Quality consciousness; – Flair for details, etc. (iii)Qualification of a storekeeper.
2	EQUIPMENTS AND FACILITIES	i. Types of store equipment; ii. Uses of storage equipment; iii. Care of storage equipment and facilities.
3	WAREHOUSING	i. Meaning of warehousing. ii. Forms of warehousing (room, cold room, silos). iii. Factors for setting up a warehouse. iv. Store keeping Document. v. Government regulations on warehousing: – NAFDAC. – SON.
4	REQUISITION	i. Meaning ii. Importance iii. Procedure iv. Documentation (requisition and issue notes) v. E-requisitioning (use of a computer)
5	INVENTORY AND INVENTORY CONTROL	Inventory: (i) Meaning; (ii) Uses of inventory; (iii) Inventory items; (iv) Types of inventory control (perpetual and periodic); (v) Storekeeping terms and their computation: – stock out – lead time – maximum stock level – minimum stock level – economic order quantity
6	STOCK VALUE	i. Meaning. ii. Reasons for stock valuation. iii. Determination of stock values using: – LIFO method – FIFO method
7	IDENTIFICATION OF STORE ITEMS	i. Need for identification of items. ii. Classification of materials in store. iii. Codification system: – alphabetic – numerical – alphanumeric – decimal
8	SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES	i. Store Organization and Layout: a) Meaning; b) Importance; c) Store layout d) Factors influencing store layout. ii. Safety and Safety Standards: a) Meaning of safety in store; b) Importance of safety at work; c) Methods of providing safety at the workplace: – First Aid Box – Fire extinguisher – Shielding of electrical installation
9	ENTREPRENEURSHIP	i. Meaning of entrepreneurship. ii. Importance of entrepreneurship. iii. Entrepreneurship skills: – managerial – accounting – marketing – promotion iv. Idea generation. v. Feasibility study. vi. Writing a proposal on a type of business in storekeeping.

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November 18, 2025

WAEC Shorthand Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Shorthand Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks focuses on the ability to transcribe two passages dictated at 80 words per minute, with a 5-minute interval for reading notes before a 1-hour transcription period on a typewriter. The practical exam involves two passages dictated at 80 words per minute, with candidates allowed a short time to read their notes before transcribing using a typewriter. An English and Shorthand Dictionary is permitted during transcription.

Examination Guide 2026/2027

Two passages will be dictated at 80 words per minute with an interval of 2 minutes.

The syllabic intensity of the passages should be 1.35 – 1.40.

Each passage will last for 3 minutes.

After the last passage, 5 minutes will be allowed for candidates to read through their shorthand notes before the commencement of transcription.

All transcription must be done on the typewriter.

The use of English and Shorthand Dictionaries is allowed.

The examination shall be 1 hour 13 minutes (6 minutes for dictation, 7 minutes for intervals and 1 hour for transcription).

Candidates must provide typewriters, shorthand notebooks, and other writing materials.

The shorthand notes may be written with either pen or pencil. The shorthand notes must be attached to the transcripts.

Specially marked typing papers will be supplied by the Council. No typing paper other than those supplied by the Council may be used.

Candidates shall not be allowed to make any carbon copies.

The shorthand readers shall be allowed access to the passages twenty minutes before the dictation commences.

A preliminary passage of 2 minutes duration will be dictated before the commencement of the actual examination to enable candidates to become accustomed to the reader’s voice. The preliminary passage must not be transcribed and does not form part of the examination.

The candidate’s shorthand teacher may be appointed to dictate the passages. The invigilator must check the dictation and note errors or deviations from the total time allowed for each passage. A signed certificate of the actual time taken should be returned with the completed scripts.

Quarter-minute indications are printed on each passage. Care should be taken to articulate the words very distinctly. Punctuation must be indicated by the inflection of the voice and, in no case, dictated.

The reader is expected to leave the examination hall immediately after the dictation, taking away the shorthand passages. These should be returned to the Council or an official of the Council where one is available. The passages should not be left with either the Invigilator or Supervisor.

WAEC Shorthand Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

MAIN CATEGORY	DESCRIPTION / DETAILS	EXAMPLES / NOTES
Business Matters	One of the passages for dictation shall be business-related.	• Business Letters • Memoranda (Memos) • Reports • Notices • Minutes of meetings • Circulars • Any other business-related communication
Literary Matters	The second dictation passage shall be literary and within the candidates’ general experience. It must not be technical or controversial.	• Short narrative passages • Descriptive paragraphs • Simple stories • Everyday life experiences • Non-technical, non-political reading content

WAEC Shorthand Textbooks 2026/2027

RESOURCE / MATERIAL	DESCRIPTION / PURPOSE
First Course – Pitman	Introductory course material for learning Pitman shorthand fundamentals.
First-Course Review – Pitman 2000	Review text for reinforcing basic rules of the Pitman 2000 system.
Pitman 2000 Phrase Book	Reference book containing common phrases and brief forms used in Pitman 2000 shorthand.
First Dictionary Shorthand – Pitman 2000	A dictionary of words written in shorthand to assist learners with correct outlines.
700 Common Words – Pitman 2000	A list/booklet featuring the 700 most frequently used words in Pitman 2000 shorthand.
Office Skills Magazines	Supplementary reading materials covering secretarial and office-related topics.
Journals	Additional publications for practice in reading, transcription, and shorthand skill building.
Speed Development – Pitman 2000	Training materials designed to increase writing and transcription speed in Pitman 2000.
Speed Builder – Bryan Coombs	A specialized text by Bryan Coombs for advanced speed enhancement in shorthand.

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November 18, 2025

WAEC Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

WAEC Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks topics include refrigeration and air-conditioning, covering principles, system components (compressors, condensers, evaporators), refrigerants, performance analysis, and practical skills such as demonstrating system operation. For textbooks, students should look for resources that cover these specific topics, which may include standard textbooks on refrigeration, air conditioning, and related vocational subjects.

Examination Guidelines

The examinations shall consist of three papers, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 shall be composite and will be taken in one sitting.

Paper 1:

This will consist of forty compulsory multiple-choice questions. Candidates will be allowed 1 hour for the paper. It will carry 40 marks.

Paper 2:

There shall be five essay questions, out of which candidates will be expected to answer any four in 1 hour 30 minutes for 60 marks.

Paper 3:

There shall be two practical questions. The candidate is expected to answer one of them within 2 hours for 100 marks.

A list of materials (cutting list) shall be made available to the schools not less than two weeks before the paper is taken for their procurement and preparation for the examination.

The candidate shall carry out the task in the presence of an examiner.

Alternatively, the Council may consider using the alternative to practical work testing method in the event of constraints on requisite facilities. In this case, two compulsory questions shall be made available for candidates to answer within 2 hours for 100 marks.

The paper shall test candidates’ real-life experience in the workshop, abilities to identify and use requisite tools, use of measuring instruments, troubleshooting, etc.

Free-hand sketches of hand tools, circuits, and wiring diagrams of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems may also be required.

WAEC Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning Syllabus 2026/2027

MAIN TOPIC	SUBTOPICS / DETAILS
Safety and First Aid in the Workshop	• Workshop rules and regulations • Safety devices: helmet, goggles, safety boots, gloves, overall, apron, sandbags, fire extinguishers • Identification & operation of fire extinguishers • Accidents: causes & prevention • First aid materials, charts, posters, first aid box • Application of first aid materials
Energy, Matter and Power	• Energy (forms & concepts) • Nature of matter • Power (definition & units)
Temperature and Pressure	Temperature: concept, thermometer types (gas, resistance, liquid, thermocouple) • Temperature scale conversion: °C↔°F, °C↔K, °F↔Rankine • International temperature points: boiling point of oxygen –182.97°C, triple point of water 0.01°C, boiling point of water 100°C. Pressure: concept, devices – barometer, manometer, bourdon gauge • Demonstration of barometer • Suction & high-pressure gauges and their use in refrigeration
Gas Laws	• Boyle’s law • Charles’ law • Dalton’s law • General gas law calculations: P₁V₁=P₂V₂; P₁/T₁=P₂/T₂; V₁/T₁=V₂/T₂; (P₁V₁)/T₁=(P₂V₂)/T₂ • Plotting temperature scales
Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Systems	• Refrigeration cycle: evaporation, compression, condensation, expansion • Layout diagrams • Types/forms of refrigeration & applications • Principles of operation • Components & accessories: relay, solenoid valves, capacitor, thermostat
Refrigerants	• Definition & types • Cylinder colour identification • Chemical names & formulae • Properties & uses • Refrigerant flow control devices: TEV, AEV, capillary tube • Operation of flow-control devices
Psychrometry & Air Conditioning	• Psychrometric properties of air • Sling psychrometer demonstration • Air-conditioning processes: heating & cooling • Latent & sensible heat, saturated & supersaturated vapour • Demonstration using methylated spirit
Compressors, Condensers & Evaporators	Compressors: types, construction, working principle Condensers: construction, servicing, heat-load calculation, liquid receiver & service valves (types and operation) Evaporators: types, construction, servicing, working principle, heat-load estimation
Workshop Practices	• Basic tools: hacksaw, coil-spring benders, reamers, tube cutters • Tools/procedures for servicing window AC • Servicing window AC • Fault diagnosis: systematic & observation • Common refrigeration faults: leakage, faulty compressor, poor cooling, current leakage • Repair & troubleshooting techniques • Testing: leakage, polarity, insulation continuity, pressure, efficiency • Demonstration of all tests • Maintenance of compressors, evaporators, motors, condensers, valves, accumulators, contactors • Demonstration of repairs
Installation Processes	• Concept of piping, ducting, trunking • Piping condenser & evaporator • Installation of AC ducts & trunking • Installation of split units • Piping/ducting/trunking tools: mallet hammer, flaring tool, silver tape, dot-punch, bending spring, armaflex, hacksaw, PVC pipes
Motors and Generators	• Types, functions, operation, applications • Installation procedures • Maintenance & servicing in RAC system
Cold Rooms	• Working principles • Installation procedures • Factors affecting cold room operation • Insulation processes & importance • Types of insulation materials: glass wool, fibreglass, polystyrene foam, wood, bitumen, ceramic • Properties & functions of insulation materials • Insulating procedure
Entrepreneurship	• Concept of business enterprise: sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability • Sources of finance: loan, mortgage, shares, overdraft, savings • Marketing styles: types & functions • Low-cost effective marketing • Marketing survey for setting up RAC business • Marketing protocol & costing
Principles of Accounting	• Business as a separate entity • Ledger, trial balance & balance sheet • Preparation of ledger & balance sheet
Facilities & Major Equipment Required	• Toolbox (3) • Oxy-acetylene brazing set (2) • Pillar drilling machine (1) • Power grinding machine (1) • Portable hand drill (2) • Table grinder (2) • Vacuum pump (1) • Recovery/recycling machine (1) • Spotter recovery pump (2) • Table vice (4) • Workbench (2) • Hand blower (1) • DOT cylinders (big 1, medium 1) • Manifold gauge (2) • Reamers (4) • Pipe benders (1 set) • Ratchet wrenches (2) • Hacksaws (4) • Pliers (various types) • Screwdrivers (set ×4) • Mallet hammers (2) • Ball-pein hammers (2) • Electronic leak detector (1) • Electronic charging scale (2) • Trolley (1) • Halogen touch light (1) • Alcometer (1) • Refrigerants: R134a, R600a, R717

WAEC Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning Textbooks 2026/2027

Ananthranrayazan P. N. (2005) Basic refrigeration and air conditioning 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Whitman, W. C. Johnson, W. M. (1995) Refrigeration’s Air-conditioning Technology 3rd Edition, Delmar Publisher, Albany, N. Y.
Rajput R. K. (2006) Refrigerant and air-conditioning 1st Edition, S. K. Kataria and Sons, Naizarak, Delhi.
Roy J. Dossat. Principles of Refrigeration 4th Edition, Spectrum Publishers.

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November 18, 2025

Category: WAEC Syllabus 2026

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PAPER 2:

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Paper 2:

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WAEC Shorthand Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

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Paper 1:

Paper 2:

Paper 3:

WAEC Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning Textbooks 2026/2027

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