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  • WAEC Syllabus For Economics 2026/2027 & Textbooks

    WAEC Syllabus For Economics 2026/2027 & Textbooks

    The WAEC Syllabus For Economics 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers fundamental economic principles, including scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost, as well as the factors of production and different economic systems. Key topics include demand, supply, price determination, production theories, and the structure of markets. It also covers national economic issues such as population, agriculture, industrialization, and international trade.

    This blog post also covers the economics recommended textbooks specifically aligned with the Senior Secondary School (SSS) curriculum, such as those covering topics relevant to the WASSCE exam. Recommended resources include comprehensive guides, textbooks with relevant examples, and those that prepare students for both objective and theory questions.

    Aims and Objectives Of Syllabus

    The aim & Objective of the Economics syllabus is to give students the “A sound knowledge of basic economic principles, concepts, and analytical tools, along with an understanding of the structure and functioning of commercial, agricultural, industrial, and financial institutions, equips individuals to make rational economic decisions, explain the structure of the West African economy—including the roles of agriculture, industry, and mining in national income—and to appreciate both the region’s position in international economic relations and the challenges it faces in economic development.”

    Scheme of Examination

    The examination will consist of two papers—Paper 1 and Paper 2—which will be combined into a single composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

    Paper 1: will comprise 50 multiple-choice questions to be answered in 1 hour for a total of 50 marks.

    Paper 2: will include eight essay-type questions divided into two sections: Section A and Section B. Section A will feature two data response questions, from which candidates must answer one. In Section B, candidates will choose and answer any three questions. Paper 2 will last 2 hours and carry 80 marks.

    WAEC Syllabus For Economics 2026/2027

    DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS

    • Economics
    • Scarcity
    • Choice
    • Scale of Preference
    • Opportunity Cost
    • Production Possibility Curve (PPC)
    • Economic Activities
    • Production
    • Distribution
    • Consumption
    • Classification of Economic Activities:
      • Primary Activities
      • Secondary Activities
      • Tertiary Activities
    • Output/Income
    • Employment
    • Savings
    • Investment
    • Foreign Exchange

    FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

    • Land
    • Labour
    • Capital
    • Entrepreneurship
    • Characteristics of Factors of Production
    • Importance of Factors of Production

    TYPES AND BASIC FEATURES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

    • Capitalism
    • Socialism
    • Mixed Economy
    • Features of Economic Systems
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Systems
    • Economic Problems of Society
    • Solutions under Different Economic Systems

    BASIC TOOLS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

    • Tables
    • Graphs
    • Charts
    • Arithmetic Mean
    • Median
    • Mode
    • Statistical Representations

    DEMAND

    • Demand
    • Law of Demand
    • Demand Schedule
    • Demand Curve
    • Exceptional Demand Curves
    • Derived Demand
    • Composite Demand
    • Joint Demand
    • Competitive Demand
    • Determinants of Demand:
      • Price of Commodity
      • Prices of Other Commodities
      • Income
      • Tastes
      • Price Expectations
    • Movement Along the Demand Curve
    • Shift of the Demand Curve
    • Elasticity of Demand
      • Price Elasticity
      • Income Elasticity
      • Cross Elasticity
    • Importance of Elasticity

    SUPPLY

    • Supply
    • Law of Supply
    • Supply Schedule
    • Supply Curve
    • Composite Supply
    • Complementary Supply
    • Competitive Supply
    • Determinants of Supply:
      • Input Prices
      • Technology
      • Prices of Other Commodities
      • Climate
    • Movement Along the Supply Curve
    • Shift of the Supply Curve
    • Elasticity of Supply
    • Importance of Elasticity of Supply

    THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

    • Total Utility
    • Average Utility
    • Marginal Utility
    • Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
    • Utility Schedule
    • Consumer Equilibrium
    • Price and Consumer Equilibrium
    • Marginal Utility and Demand Curve

    THEORY OF PRICE DETERMINATION

    • Market
    • Interaction of Demand and Supply
    • Equilibrium Price and Quantity
    • Free Market
    • Regulated Market
    • Algebraic Determination of Equilibrium
    • Price Control:
      • Maximum Price
      • Minimum Price
    • Rationing
    • Black Market

    THEORY OF PRODUCTION

    • Production
    • Division of Labour
    • Specialization
    • Scale of Production
    • Internal Economies
    • External Economies
    • Total Product
    • Average Product
    • Marginal Product
    • Law of Variable Proportions

    THEORY OF COST AND REVENUE

    • Total Cost
    • Average Cost
    • Marginal Cost
    • Variable Cost
    • Fixed Cost
    • Short-run Cost
    • Long-run Cost
    • Opportunity Cost
    • Money Cost
    • Economist vs. Accountant Cost Views
    • Total Revenue
    • Average Revenue
    • Marginal Revenue
    • Marginal Revenue Product

    MARKET STRUCTURE

    • Market
    • Market Structures:
      • Perfect Competition
      • Imperfect Competition
      • Monopoly
      • Monopolistic Competition
    • Price and Output Determination
    • Cost and Revenue in Market Structures
    • Price Discrimination

    BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

    • Sole Proprietorship
    • Partnership
    • Joint-Stock Companies (Private/Public)
    • Co-operatives
    • Statutory Corporations
    • Joint Ventures
    • Sources of Funds
    • Problems of Enterprises
    • Privatization
    • Commercialization
    • Indigenization
    • Nationalization

    DISTRIBUTIVE TRADE

    • Distribution Process
    • Role of:
      • Producers
      • Wholesalers
      • Retailers
      • Co-operatives
      • Government Agencies
    • Distribution Problems and Solutions

    POPULATION AND LABOUR MARKET

    • Population Size and Growth
    • Rural-Urban Migration
    • Malthusian Theory
    • Population Distribution:
      • Geographical
      • Age
      • Sex
      • Occupational
    • Census
    • Underpopulation
    • Optimum Population
    • Overpopulation
    • Labour Force
    • Human Capital
    • Labour Efficiency
    • Labour Mobility
    • Wage Determination
    • Unemployment
    • Underemployment
    • Trade Unions
    • Employers’ Associations
    • Government Labour Policies

    AGRICULTURE

    • Food Crops
    • Export Crops
    • Livestock
    • Fisheries
    • Peasant Farming
    • Commercial Farming
    • Co-operative Farming
    • State Farming
    • Importance of Agriculture
    • Commodity Boards
    • Agricultural Marketing

    INDUSTRIALIZATION

    • Types of Industries
    • Plant
    • Firm
    • Industry
    • Industrial Estates
    • Industrial Location
    • Localization
    • Industrialization and Economic Development
    • Strategies of Industrialization
    • Industrialization Problems
    • Agriculture–Industry Link

    NATIONAL INCOME

    • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    • Gross National Product (GNP)
    • Net National Product (NNP)
    • National Income Measurement
    • Uses of National Income Data
    • Limitations of National Income Data
    • Trends and Structure of National Income

    MONEY AND INFLATION

    • Barter System
    • Problems of Barter
    • Money Definition
    • Types of Money
    • Characteristics of Money
    • Functions of Money
    • Money Supply and Demand
    • Value of Money
    • Price Level
    • Inflation:
      • Types
      • Causes
      • Effects
      • Control

    FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

    • Traditional Institutions
    • Central Bank
    • Commercial Banks
    • Development Banks
    • Merchant Banks
    • Insurance Companies
    • Building Societies
    • Money Market
    • Capital Market
    • Functions of Financial Institutions

    PUBLIC FINANCE

    • Fiscal Policy
    • Public Finance Objectives
    • Government Revenue Sources
    • Taxation:
      • Direct Tax
      • Indirect Tax
      • Objectives
      • Merits and Demerits
      • Incidence of Tax
    • Canons of Taxation
    • Tax Rates:
      • Proportional
      • Progressive
      • Regressive
    • Public Expenditure:
      • Recurrent
      • Capital
    • Government Budget
    • National Debt

    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

    • Economic Growth vs. Development
    • Developing Countries: Characteristics and Problems
    • Development Planning
    • Objectives of Planning
    • Problems of Planning
    • Types of Plans:
      • Short-term
      • Medium-term
      • Long-term
      • Rolling Plan
      • Perspective Plan

    INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

    • Domestic vs. International Trade
    • Basis for Trade:
      • Absolute Advantage
      • Comparative Advantage
    • Terms of Trade
    • Commercial Policies:
      • Tariffs (Types)
      • Direct Controls
    • External Trade Structure (West Africa)
    • Balance of Payments:
      • Definition
      • Components
      • Disequilibrium
      • Adjustment Mechanisms:
        • Exchange Rate Policy
        • Exchange Control
        • Monetary Policy
        • Fiscal Policy
        • International Borrowing

    ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

    • Economic Integration
    • Objectives of Integration
    • Levels of Integration
    • Features of Integration
    • ECOWAS
    • Problems of Integration in West Africa

    INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS

    • OPEC
    • ECA (Economic Commission for Africa)
    • IMF (International Monetary Fund)
    • IBRD (World Bank)
    • AfDB (African Development Bank)
    • UNCTAD
    • Role and Relevance to West Africa

    MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES

    • Petroleum
    • Gold
    • Diamond
    • Timber
    • Groundnut
    • Natural Resource Development
    • Positive Economic Effects
    • Negative Economic Effects

    WAEC Textbooks For Economics 2026/2027

    • Aderinto, A.A et al (1996) Economics: Exam Focus, Ibadan: University Press Plc.
    • Black, J. (1997) Oxford Dictionary of Economics,Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • Brownson-oton Richard (2010) What is Micro-Economics? Niky Printing and Publishing coy.
    • Brownson-oton Richard (2010) What is Macro-Economics? Niky Printing and Publishing coy.
    • Eyiyere, D.O. (1980) Economics Made Easy, Benin City, Quality Publishers Ltd.
    • Fajana, F et al (1999) Countdown to SSCE/JME Economics, Ibadan: Evans.
    • Falodun, A.B. et al (1997) Round-up Economics, Lagos: Longman.
    • Kountsoyiannis, A. (1979) Modern MicroEconomics, London: Macmillan.
    • Lawal, O.A. (1985) Success in Economics, London: John Muray.
    • Lipsey, R.G. (1997) An Introduction to Positive Economics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • Samuelson, P and Nordhaus, W. (1989) Economics, Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
    • Udu E and Agu G.A. (2005) New System Economics: a Senior Secondary Course, Ibadan: Africana FIRST Publishers Ltd.
    • Wannacott and Wannacott (1979) Economics, New York: McGraw-Hil
    1. WAEC Auto Electrical Work Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

      WAEC Auto Electrical Work Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

      The WAEC Auto Electrical Work Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks – covers six core topics: Battery, Starting System, Ignition System, Charging System, Lighting System, and Auxiliary System. Candidates will be assessed on their knowledge, skills, and attitudes in maintaining and repairing auto electrical systems, utilizing safety practices and diagnostic tools like multimeters and test lamps.

      Aims & Objectives

      • Students Must understand the concepts in auto electrical works
      • Students must use tools and equipment to carry out maintenance and repair on motor vehicles
      • Students must understand the safety practices and observe them in the work environment .

      There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which are to be taken. Papers 1 and 2 shall be composite papers to be taken in one sitting.

      PAPER 1

      will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which are to be answered in 45 minutes for 40 marks.

      PAPER 2

      will consist of six short-structured questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four in 1 hour for 60 marks.

      PAPER 3

      This will be a practical test of 2 hours duration. It will consist of three skill-based questions, out of which candidates will answer two for 90 marks.

      AUTO ELECTRICAL WORKDownload

      WAEC Auto Electrical Work Syllabus 2026/2027-PDF DOWNLOAD

      Major TopicsSub-Topics and Concepts
      I. Power Source (Battery)Concept of Battery: Understanding the basic function and working principle.
      Practical Aspects: Uses of battery.
      Types and Structure: Types, constructional details, and ratings of batteries.
      Maintenance and Testing: Charging procedures. Testing and Maintenance techniques (including use of hydrometer, high-rate discharge tester).
      II. Engine Starting SystemFundamentals: Purpose and components of the starting system.
      Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the starting system.
      Components: Types of starter motor.
      Repair and Service: Repair of starter motors.
      III. Ignition SystemFundamentals: Purpose and components of the ignition system.
      Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the ignition system.
      Components: Construction and operation of the ignition coil.
      Types and Timing: Types of Ignition System. Timing procedures.
      Faults and Repairs: Identifying faults and performing repairs.
      IV. Charging SystemFundamentals: Purpose and components of the charging system.
      Components: Alternator (structure and operation).
      Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the charging system.
      Faults and Repairs: Identifying faults and performing repairs.
      V. Lighting SystemFundamentals: Purpose and classification of lighting in a motor vehicle.
      Components: Headlamps (structure and function).
      Circuitry: Circuit diagram of the lighting system.
      Maintenance: Maintenance and repairs of the lighting system.
      VI. Auxiliary SystemConcept and Components: Concept and Components of an auxiliary system (general overview).
      Details and Operation: Constructional details and operation of auxiliary system components.
      Maintenance: Maintenance and repairs of auxiliary components.
      VII. Required Facilities and EquipmentEquipment (Major): Motor Batteries, Battery charger, Testing lamp, Jumper cable.
      Testing/Measuring Tools: Ammeter, voltmeter, multimeter, High-rate discharge tester, Hydrometer, Feeler gauge, Tester (Screwdriver type).
      Hand Tools/Specialized: A complete toolbox, Spanners, Battery head moulder set, Hand drilling machine, Vice, Wire brush, Bearing extractor, Pulley extractor, Soldering iron and lead, Cable stripper.
      Consumables/Safety: Polythene hand gloves set, Emery cloth, Wooden file, Aprons, Insulation tape.
      Workspace/Miscellaneous: Bench/Table, Magnetic pick-up, Google, Plastic trays.

    2. WAEC Syllabus For Animal Husbandry 2026/2027 (ALT A) & Textbooks

      WAEC Syllabus For Animal Husbandry 2026/2027 (ALT A) & Textbooks

      The WAEC Syllabus For Animal Husbandry 2026/2027covers topics like Animal production, management, processing, marketing, and entrepreneurship, Animal anatomy and nutrition to disease control and pasture management.

      The Aims & Objectives

      • Basic animal production practices such as feeding, housing, pest and disease control
      • The efficient and effective management of animal enterprises
      • The application of environmentally friendly practices to sustain production
      • The identification of basic problems hindering the improvement of the Animal Industry
      • The efficient processing, preservation, packaging, storage and marketing of animals and their products.

      The Scheme of Animal Husbandry

      There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.

      PAPER 1:

      Will consist of fifty multiple choice objective questions all of which must be
      answered within 1 hour for 50 marks.

      PAPER 2:

      Will consist of six essay-type questions. Candidates will be required to
      answer four questions within 2 hours for 80 marks.

      PAPER 3:

      Will be a practical paper for school candidates or a test of practical paper for
      private candidates. The paper will consist of four questions, all of which must
      be answered within 2 hours for 60 marks.

      DOWNLOAD HERE

      ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (ALT A)Download

      WAEC Syllabus For Animal Husbandry 2026/2027

      The topics related to Anatomy, Physiology, Production, and Health of Farm Animals are divided into distinct and logical categories.

      Major TopicsSub-Topics and Concepts
      I. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm AnimalsMeaning of Terms: Anatomy, physiology, and external orientation of farm animals.
      Digestive System: Comparative anatomy of the digestive system of farm animals. Digestion and absorption processes in various classes of farm animals.
      Nervous System: Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Functions of the ANS.
      Endocrine System: Endocrine glands and their functions. Hormones and their functions.
      Other Systems: Integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems.
      Reproductive System: Anatomy of the reproductive system of poultry and livestock. Functions of organs and parts. Reproductive processes.
      Circulatory System: Structure and functions. Heart and pulse rate.
      Respiratory System: Meaning and importance of respiration. Structure and functions of the respiratory system.
      Excretory System: Meaning and importance of excretion. Structure and functions of the excretory system. Excretory products.
      II. Animal NutritionIntroduction: Meaning and importance of animal nutrition. Modes of feeding.
      Feedstuffs and Supplements: Types, composition, and functions of feed nutrients. Classification of feedstuffs. Food tests. Producers and suppliers of feedstuffs and supplements.
      Feed Formulation and Preparation: Common terms used in feed formulation. Factors considered and steps in the formulation of ration.
      Handling and Storage: Importance of feed storage and features of storage structures. Factors that affect the quality of stored feed. Record keeping and estimation of cost. Pests of stored feed and their control.
      III. Animal HealthIntroduction: Meaning of terms. Signs of good and ill-health. Factors that predispose animals to diseases.
      Diseases and Pathogens: Effects of diseases, pests, and parasites on animal production. Zoonotic diseases (importance and prevention). Classification and economic importance of pathogens.
      Disease Prevention and Control: Principles for prevention and control. Management practices in prevention and control.
      Parasites (Ecto- and Endoparasites): Types and examples of parasites. Structure, life cycle, and mode of feeding. Conditions that influence parasite population. Prevention and control. Economic importance of parasites.
      IV. Genetics and Animal ImprovementGenetic Principles: Heredity, basic genetic terms, and Mendel’s first law of inheritance.
      Animal Improvement: Meaning, objectives, and benefits. Performance traits of improved and unimproved animals. Methods (advantages and disadvantages). Nutritional and environmental factors affecting improvement.
      Artificial Insemination (A.I.): Meaning and process of A.I. Advantages of A.I. Signs of heat (oestrus) and handling procedures in the collection and storage of semen.
      V. Environmental PhysiologyEnvironment and Homeostasis: Internal and external environment of animals. Role of the nervous and endocrine systems in homeostasis and response to stimuli.
      Measurements and Effects: Determination of room temperature, body temperature, and respiration rate. Effects of climate on farm animals.
      Stress Management: Modification of animal environment and management practices to reduce stress on animals.
      VI. Monogastric and Domestic Pet ProductionPoultry Production: Definition, characteristics, classes, breeds, and types. Importance/role. Systems of production.
      Incubation and Hatchery: Terminologies. Natural and Artificial Incubation. Selection of eggs. Conditions necessary for hatching. Incubation process. Candling of eggs. Marketing of day-old chicks.
      Poultry Management: Management Practices. Processing and marketing. Prospects of producing various types of poultry.
      Pig Production: Types, breeds, and characteristics. Importance. Systems of keeping pigs. Management practices. Slaughtering, processing, and marketing.
      Domestic Pets: Meaning and importance of pets. Management of pets. Training and marketing of pets.
      VII. Ruminant ProductionSheep and Goat Production: Common breeds, distribution, and characteristics. Importance. Management practices. Common parasites and diseases and their control. Processing and marketing.
      Beef Cattle Production: Breeds and characteristics. Importance. Common production systems. Planning, production, and management for beef and traction. General management practices. Processing and marketing. Major problems in beef cattle production.
      Dairy Cattle Production: Breeds and features. Characteristics, sources, and importance of milk. Management practices. Diseases and their control. Production, processing, and marketing of milk and dairy products. Problems of dairy cattle production in warm climates.
      VIII. Range and Pasture ManagementIntroduction: Basic terminologies. Types of pasture and their features. Importance of pastures and forage crops. Factors that affect pasture productivity. Major forage crops. Poisonous plants.
      Pasture Establishment and Management: Qualities of good pasture and forage species. Establishment of pasture. Improving natural pastures. Management of cultivated pastures. Harvesting of forage crops.
      Forage Conservation: Meaning and importance of forage conservation. Preparation of hay and silage. Utilization of crop residue in feeding animals.
      IX. Non-Traditional Animal ProductionRabbit and Grasscutter Production: Common breeds. Importance. Management Practices. Processing and Marketing.
      Snail Farming (Heliculture): Meaning and importance. External features of snails. Types of species. Site selection. Management Practices. Processing and marketing of snails.
      X. Integrated Practical ApplicationEstablishing Enterprises: Breeds of farm animals, classification, anatomy and physiology, animal nutrition, diseases/prevention, artificial insemination, environmental physiology, management practices, animal products/by-products, range/pasture management, animal housing and structures.

      List of Facilities and Major Equipments

      A. FARM BUILDING/STRUCTURE

      ITEM NOEQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
       1Poultry/Pig House/Battery Cages          1
       2Cattle/Goat/Sheep Pen          1
       3Rabbit/Grass cutter Hutch          1
       4Snairy/Bee Hive          1

      B. LIVE ANIMALS

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
      1.Poultry/Pig10
      2.Rabbits/Grass cutter10
      3. Cattle/Sheep/Goat10
      4.Snails/Bees50/100

      C. SPECIMEN

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENT
      1.Tick
      2.Lice
      3.Liver fluke
      4.Tapeworm
      5.Roundworm
      6.Flea
      7.Tsetse fly
      8.Pests

      D. CHARTS AND PICTURES

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
      1.Digestive system of ruminants5       
      2.Digestive system of non-ruminants5
      3.Reproductive organs of male livestock5
      4.Reproductive organs of female livestock5
      5.Reproductive tract of poultry5
      6.Skeletal system of farm animals5
      7.Circulatory system5
      8.Muscular system5
      9.Endocrine system5
      10.Calendar of ovulation5
      11.Calendar of Oestrus cycle5
      12.Classes of farm animals5
      13.Calendar of heat period5
      14.Calendar of animal diseases5

      E. MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
      1.Buddizor pliers/castrators2
      2.Elastrators2
      3.Debeakers2
      4.Candlers2
      5.Dehorning saw4
      6.Ear notching knife2
      7.Electro-ejaculator2
      8.Artificial Inseminators2
      9.Hand sprayer/Knapsack sprayer2
      10.Refrigerators to store materials2
      11.Clinical thermometer2
      12.Films Many
      13.Television2
      14.CD Video Player2
      15.16mm Film Projector2

      F.    DRUGS/VACCINES/MATERIALS

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
      1.First aids kits/boxes containing surgical blades, cotton wool, iodine and razor.2
      2.Sterilizers e.g. Dettol, Izal4
      3.Syringes and Needles10
      4.Vaccines (various forms)5
      5.Formalin, etc.2 bottles

      G. FEED SAMPLES

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
      1.Bone meal½ kg
      2.Blood meal½ kg
      3.Fish meal½ kg
      4.Groundnut cake½ kg
      5.Maize grains½ kg
      6.Groundnut  meal½ kg
      7.Coconut meal½ kg
      8.Egg shell meal½ kg
      9.Palm kernel meal½ kg
      10.Periwinkle shell½ kg
      11.Mineral salt lick, etc.½ kg

      H. OTHER MATERIALS

      ITEM NO.EQUIPMENTQUANTITY REQUIRED
      1.Feeding trough (Metal and Plastic)5
      2.Drinkers (Metal and Plastic)5
      3.Lanterns (source of heat)5
      4.Foot dips5
      5.Notebooks for Accounts and Records5
      6.Wheelbarrow5
    3. Waec Syllabus For Agricultural Science 2026/2027 & Textbooks

      Waec Syllabus For Agricultural Science 2026/2027 & Textbooks

      The WAEC Syllabus for Agricultural Science 2026/2027 covers topics including the importance of agriculture, problems and solutions for agricultural development, different types of agriculture, soil science, agricultural engineering, crop production and protection, animal production and health, and agricultural economics and extension. Students are expected to learn about both the theoretical aspects and practical skills, with the syllabus detailing key areas for each section to help with exam preparation.

      AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (1)Download

      Aims and Objectives

      • stimulate and sustain students’ interest in agriculture
      • enable students acquire functional knowledge and practical skills to prepare them for further studies and occupation in agriculture.

      Scheme of Examination

      There will be three papers: Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

      PAPER 1:

      It will consist of fifty multiple-choice questions to be answered within 50 minutes for 50 marks.

      PAPER 2:

      It will consist of six essay questions, with each drawn from at least two themes in the syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer five of the questions within 2 hours and 10 minutes for 90 marks.

      PAPER 3:

      This will be a practical paper for school candidates and an alternative to practical paper for private candidates. It will consist of four questions, all of which should be answered within 1½ hours for 60 marks.

      PDF DOWNLOAD

      Waec Syllabus For Agricultural Science 2026/2027

      Major TopicsSub-Topics and Concepts
      Introduction to AgricultureMeaning and Importance of Agriculture: Definition and branches of agricultural science. Importance to the individual, community, and nation.
      Problems and Solutions: Problems related to land tenure, basic amenities, finance, transportation, storage/processing, education/extension, tools/machinery, farm inputs, marketing, and environmental degradation. Possible solutions.
      Subsistence vs. Commercial Agriculture: Meaning and differences based on characteristics. Advantages and disadvantages of each. Problems of each system.
      Government and NGO Roles: Roles of government in agricultural development (finance/credit, subsidy, education, extension, policies). Role and functions of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).
      Agricultural Laws and Reforms: Land tenure systems in West Africa. Government laws on land use. Advantages and disadvantages of the Land Use Act/Decree and reforms.
      ——
      Agricultural EcologyMeaning and Importance of Agricultural Ecology: Definition of agricultural ecology and ecosystem. Components of farm ecosystem (biotic and abiotic) and their interactions in terrestrial and aquatic agro-ecosystems.
      Land and Its Uses: Meaning and characteristics of land (free gift, immobile, limited supply). Uses (agricultural: crop/livestock production, wildlife conservation; non-agricultural: industry, housing, transport).
      Factors Affecting Land Availability: Physical (soil type, topography, degradation, pollution). Economic (population pressure, industrial expansion, mining, recreation). Socio-cultural (land tenure, religious purpose).
      Agro-Allied Industries: Agro-based industries and raw materials (paper, beverage, textile, soap). Relationship between agriculture and industries (agriculture provides market for industrial products and food for workers).
      Environmental Factors: Climatic factors (rainfall, temperature, light, wind, relative humidity). Biotic factors (predators, parasites, pests, pathogens, weeds, interrelationships like competition, parasitism, mutualism). Edaphic factors (soil pH, texture, structure, type).
      Rock and Soil Formation: Types of rock (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and processes of formation. Factors and Processes of soil formation (parent rock, organisms, climate, topography, time; physical/chemical weathering). Soil profile development.
      Types, Composition, and Properties of Soil: Types of soil. Chemical/Biological composition (macro/micronutrients, water, macro-organisms, microbes, air). Soil pH. Physical properties (texture, structure).
      Plant Nutrients and Cycle: Macro and micronutrients: functions and deficiency symptoms. Factors affecting nutrient availability (pH, excess nutrients, leaching, crop removal, etc.). Methods of replenishing lost nutrients (crop rotation, manuring, fertilizer, fallowing, liming, cover-cropping). Nutrient cycles (Nitrogen, Carbon, Water, Phosphorus).
      Organic Agriculture: Meaning and importance.
      Water Management: Irrigation (meaning, types: overhead, surface, underground; advantages, disadvantages, importance, problems). Drainage (meaning, importance, types: surface, subsurface; advantages, disadvantages).
      Agricultural Pollution: Meaning. Causes/sources (excessive chemicals, oil spillage, livestock waste). Effects on farmers and productivity.
      ——
      Agricultural Engineering/MechanizationSimple Farm Tools: Meaning, types (cutlass, hoe, spade), general maintenance.
      Farm Machinery and Implements: Farm machinery (tractor, bulldozer, shellers, dryers, incubators, milking machines, combine harvester). Tractor-coupled implements (ploughs, harrows, ridgers, planters, harvesters, sprayers). Maintenance practices and precautionary measures.
      Agricultural Mechanization: Meaning. Mechanized operations. Advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and prospects.
      Farm Power: Sources of farm power. Advantages and disadvantages of different sources.
      Farm Surveying: Meaning, common equipment, uses, maintenance, and importance.
      Farm Planning and Farmstead: Meaning, factors, and importance of farm planning. Principles of farmstead planning (meaning, importance, factors, layout).
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      Crop Production and ProtectionClassification of Crops: Based on uses (cereals, pulses, roots/tubers, vegetables), life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial, ephemeral), and morphology (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous).
      Husbandry of Selected Crops: Detailed study (botanical/common names, varieties, requirements, land prep, propagation, planting details, cultural practices, fertilizer, P&D control, harvesting, processing, storage) of representative crops from Cereals, Pulses, Roots/Tubers, Vegetables, Fruits, Beverages, Spices, Oils, Fibres, Latex, and Others (sugar cane).
      Pasture and Forage Crops: Meaning, uses, types. Common grasses and legumes. Factors affecting distribution/productivity. Establishment and management practices.
      Crop Improvement: Aims and methods (introduction, selection, breeding). Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Advantages and disadvantages.
      Forestry: Meaning of forest/forestry. Importance, regulations, management practices, and implications of deforestation.
      Agro-forestry: Meaning and practices (taungya system, alley cropping, ley farming).
      Ornamental Plants: Meaning, importance, common types (bedding, hedging, lawn grasses), examples. Settings and methods of cultivation (seed, vegetative). Maintenance.
      Diseases of Crops: Meaning and general effects. Detailed study (causal organism, economic importance, transmission, symptoms, control) of selected diseases for various crop groups (cereals, legumes, beverages, tubers, fruits, fibre, vegetables, stored produce).
      Pests of Crops: Meaning. Classification of pests (insect, non-insect). Classification of insect pests by mouth parts (biting/chewing, piercing/sucking, boring). Detailed study (life cycle, economic importance, damage, control) of major insect pests of various crop groups (cereals, legumes, beverages, tubers, fibre, fruits/vegetables, stored produce). Non-insect pests (birds, rodents). Side effects of control methods (chemical, biological, cultural).
      Weeds: Meaning, types, effects on crops and economy. Characteristic features. Methods of controlling weeds (cultural, biological, chemical, physical, mechanical).
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      Animal Production and HealthTypes and Classification: Types (cattle, sheep, goat, poultry, pig, rabbit, fish). Classification by habitat (terrestrial, aquatic) and uses (food, protection, pets).
      Anatomy and Physiology: Parts, organs (heart, liver, lungs), and systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory).
      Animal Reproduction: Meaning. Roles of hormones. Reproductive systems. Processes of reproduction. Egg formation in poultry.
      Environmental Physiology: Meaning. Effects of changes in climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, light) on growth, reproduction, milk/egg production, etc.
      Livestock Management: Meaning. Requirements (housing, feeding, hygiene, finishing) for at least one ruminant and one non-ruminant from birth to market weight. Importance of practices.
      Animal Nutrition: Meaning. Classification of feeds. Sources and functions of feed nutrients. Types of ration/diet (balanced, production, maintenance). Malnutrition (causes, symptoms, correction).
      Rangeland and Pasture Management: Meaning and importance of rangeland/pasture. Characteristics. Common grasses and legumes. Factors affecting herbage production. Improvement methods (controlled stocking, rotational grazing, fertilizers, reseeding, etc.).
      Animal Improvement: Meaning, aims, and methods (Introduction, selection, breeding). Artificial Insemination (meaning, semen collection methods, advantages/disadvantages).
      Animal Diseases and Parasites: Meaning of disease. Causal organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa). Predisposing factors (health status, nutrition, management). Animal reaction to diseases (susceptibility, resistance). Detailed study (causal organisms, symptoms, control) of selected diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoa). Parasites (meaning, types, life cycle, control) of endoparasites (tapeworm, liverfluke, roundworm) and ectoparasites (ticks, lice). General methods of prevention and control (quarantine, inoculation, hygiene, breeding for resistance).
      Aquaculture: Meaning. Types (fish, shrimp, crab farming). Meaning and importance of fish farming. Conditions for siting, establishment, and maintenance of fish ponds. Fishery regulations. Fishing methods and tools.
      Apiculture (Bee Keeping): Meaning. Types of bees (indigenous, exotic). Importance. Methods (traditional, modern). Equipment (beehives, hive tools). Precautionary measures.
      ——
      Agricultural Economics and ExtensionBasic Economic Principles: Scarcity, choice, scale of preference, law of diminishing returns. Factors of production (land, capital, labour, management/entrepreneur).
      Market Principles: Demand (definition, law, factors, movements, shifts). Supply (definition, law, factors, movements, shifts). Implications of demand and supply (price support, price control, subsidy programme and its effects).
      Farm Management: Functions and problems faced by a farm manager.
      Agricultural Finance: Meaning, importance, and sources of farm finance. Classes of farm credit (by time: short/medium/long; by source: institutional/non-institutional; by liquidity: cash/kind). Problems faced by farmers in procuring credit and by institutions in granting loans.
      Capital Market: Meaning. Institutions involved (bonds, insurance companies, merchant banks, stock exchange). Sources of funds. Roles in agricultural business.
      Farm Records and Accounts: Importance. Types of farm records (inventory, production, income/expenditure, supplementary). Designing records. Farm accounts (expenditure, income, profit and loss, balance sheet).
      Marketing: Meaning and importance. Marketing agents and functions (assembling, transportation, processing). Marketing of export crops (West African crops, guidelines, corporate bodies/cooperatives, importance of exporting). Problems of marketing.
      Agricultural Insurance: Meaning, importance. Types of insurance policies (specific enterprise, vehicle, fire, life assurance). Insurance premium. Problems with agricultural insurance.
      Agricultural Extension: Meaning and importance. Methods (individual/group contact). Programmes in West Africa (ADP, NDE, Agro-service centres). Problems of agricultural extension.
      ——
      Practical Agricultural Science (Skills/Lab Work)Agricultural Ecology/Soil: Soil profile. Rocks. Laboratory work on physical properties (mechanical analysis, bulk density, pore space, moisture content, water holding capacity, wilting point, capillary action). Chemical properties (soil acidity/pH). Chemical fertilizers. Organic manure (green, farm yard, compost). Irrigation and drainage.
      Agricultural Engineering: Farm tools and equipment. Tractor and animal-drawn implements. Harvesting, processing, and storage equipment. Farm tractor. Horticultural tools use and maintenance. Livestock and fishing equipment. Farm surveying equipment.
      Crop Production: Seeds, seedlings, fruits, and storage organs. Main pests and diseases. Planting dates, seed rates, plant population, and seed quality tests. Practical skills (seedbed prep, fertilizer application, mulching, pesticide use, watering, vegetative propagation, germination tests). Forest products and by-products. Propagation of horticultural plants. Common weeds.
      Animal Production: Common breeds and types. Major internal organs. Animal by-products. Animal feeds and feedstuffs/local sources. Main pests and parasites. Diseases. Routine management practices (selection, culling, ear-notching, tattooing, branding, debeaking, dehorning, castration). Fish harvesting and preservation.


      Waec Agricultural Science Textbooks 2026/2027

      • 1. Adeniyi, M. O. et al (1999) Countdown to Senior Secondary Certificate Examination Agricultural Science, Ibadan: Evans.
      • 2. Akinsanmi, A. O. (2000) Junior Secondary Agricultural Science, UK: Longman.
      • 3. Akinsanmi, O. A. (2000) Senior Secondary Agricultural Science, UK: Longman.
      • 4. Antonio, Q. B. O. (1999) General Agriculture for West Africa, London:George Allen
      • 5. Are, L. A.et al (2010) Comprehensive Certificate Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary School, University Press Plc.
      • 6. Egbuna, C. K. et al (2014) Extension Modern Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools (2010), Extension Publication
      • 7. Emmanuel C. A. (2003) A Dictionary of Agriculture, Benue:Agitab Publisher Makurdi
      • 8. Falusi, A. O. and Adeleye, I. O. A (2000) Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary SchoolsBooks 1- 3, Ibadan: Onibonoje
      • 9. Komolafe, M. F., Adegbola, A. A., Are, L. A. and Ashaye, T. I. (2004) Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools 1, 2 and 3, Ibadan: University Press Ltd.
      • 10. Philips T. A. (1986) Agricultural Notebook, Lagos: Longman
      • 11. STAN (1999) Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools, Lagos: Longman