WAEC Office Practice Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Office Practice Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers topics like office functions, equipment, communication, correspondence, filing, and report writing. The exam consists of two papers: Paper 1 is a 50-question multiple-choice test, and Paper 2 is a 2-hour, 10-minute paper with a case study and four other essay questions. For textbooks, a recommended resource is “Modern Office Practice for Vocational Business Students” by Amadin, M.S etc.

Office Practice Examination Guides

There will be two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, which will constitute a composite paper and will be taken at a sitting.

PAPER 1:

Will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which should be answered within one hour for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:

Will consist of a question on a simple case study and six other essay-type questions. Candidates will be required to answer the question on the case study and any four of the other questions. The paper will carry 100 marks and last for 2 hours and 10 minutes.

WAEC Office Practice Syllabus 2026/2027

MAIN TOPIC	SUBTOPICS / CONTENTS
THE OFFICE	• Definition of the office • Functions of the office • Layout of the office • Principles of office organization • Span of control • Unity of control • Unity of function • Office procedures • Sections of the office
DEPARTMENTS IN AN ORGANIZATION	• List of departments in an organization • Functions of each department • Organizational chart
OFFICE EQUIPMENT	• Meaning of office equipment Types of office equipment: Manual equipment: Typewriter, perforator, stapling machine, duplicating machine, etc. Electrical equipment: Electric typewriter, photocopier, shredding machine, computer, scanner, facsimile machine, etc. • Uses of office equipment • Care of office equipment
THE RECEPTION	• Meaning of reception • Duties of the receptionist • Documents handled by a receptionist • Qualities of a receptionist • Procedures for handling telephone calls
OFFICE DOCUMENTS	• Meaning of office documents • Types of office documents: Administrative, Sales, Stores, Purchasing • Uses of office documents • Preparation of office documents
OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE	• Meaning of office correspondence • Types of correspondence: memos, business letters, notice of meetings, minutes of meetings, reports, circulars
MAIL	• Types of mail: Personal, official, urgent, confidential • Classification of mail: incoming, outgoing • Procedures for handling incoming and outgoing mail
FILING	• Definition of filing • Systems of filing: vertical, lateral, electronic • Classifications of filing: alphabetical, chronological, numerical, geographical, alpha-numerical, subject • Purposes of filing • Steps involved in filing • Filing equipment
COMMUNICATION	• Definition of communication • Importance of communication • Types of communication: Verbal: oral, written Non-verbal: visual, audio, audio-visual • Methods/Media of communication: Print (newspapers, magazines, handbills, flyers, etc.) Electronic (radio, TV, audio/video conferencing, etc.) • Communication service providers: NIPOST, NITEL, Media houses, Satellite stations, Internet, GSM
MEETINGS	• Definition of meeting • Purpose of meetings • Types of meetings: statutory, emergency, board, management, AGM, staff, committee • Procedure for conducting meetings: opening prayer, agenda, chairman’s remarks, reading of minutes, correction, adoption, matters arising, main business, AOB, closing remarks, adjournment, closing prayer • Meeting terminologies: agenda, adoption, AOB, adjournment, etc. • Roles of chairman/secretary • Writing the minutes
REPORT WRITING	• Meaning of report • Types of report: formal, short, long, investigative, routine/periodic • Parts of a report • Importance of report writing
INFORMATION	• Definition of information • Types of information • Uses of information • Sources of information • Storage of information • Qualities of good information: timeliness, accuracy, speed of delivery, usability

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November 16, 2025

WAEC Mining Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Mining Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks is a guide for exams that tests knowledge of mining principles, practices, rocks, minerals, and extraction methods. It also covers topics like health and safety, and may include fieldwork components. The syllabus is designed to evaluate students’ understanding of the mining business.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must explain the basic concepts associated with mining
Candidates must acquire the basic knowledge of rocks and minerals
Candidate must be able to recognize the special properties and values of gems and precious minerals
Candidates must explain the methods of extraction of minerals
Candidates must explain the processing of minerals into useful products
Candidates must appreciate the importance of health, safety and environment in the mining industry
Candidates must develop the requisite skills and business attitudes to mining

Examination Guides

There will be two papers-1& 2, both of which must be taken as a composite paper in one sitting for a duration of 2 hours and 45 minutes.

Paper 1:

The first paper (paper 1) will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which are to be answered in 40 minutes for 40 marks.

Paper 2:

It will comprise two sections, Section A and Section B, as follows:

Section A:

This will consist of 10 short structured questions covering the entire syllabus. All the questions should be answered in 40 minutes for 40 marks.

Section B:

This will consist of five essay-type questions from which candidates are to answer any three questions for 60 marks in 1 hour and 25 minutes.

WAEC Mining Syllabus 2026/2027

Topic	Subtopics
INTRODUCTION TO MINING	Meaning and branches of mining
	Terminology used in mining
	Classification and importance of minerals
	Distribution of minerals in Nigeria
	History of mining
	Mining activities in Nigeria
	Importance of minerals to man and national economy
	Minerals markets and cartels
	Mine accounting and sources of finance for mining ventures
	Aspects of Nigerian minerals and Mining Act, 2007
	Mining titles acquisition
BASIC GEOLOGY	Definition of Geology and its scope
	Relationship between Geology and Mining
	Structure of the Earth
	Relative abundance of elements in the Earth’s crust
	Economic mineral potentials of Nigeria
	Rocks and rock types (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic)
	Rock-forming minerals
	Physical and chemical properties of rock-forming minerals
	Rock Cycle
	Weathering
	Simplified geological map of Nigeria
	Mineral map of Nigeria
	Collection and collation of geological data
	Interpretation of topographical and geological maps
	Drawing of simple geological cross-section
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN MINING (BASIC CONCEPTS)	Classification of mining methods (Surface and underground mining methods)
	Choice of mining methods: Reasons for choosing surface or underground mining methods
	Surface mining methods: quarrying, open pit mining, open cast mining, alluvial mining etc
	Underground mining methods: room-and-pillar, longwall, cut-and-fill, shrinkage, block caving, sub-level etc
	Comparison of surface and underground mining methods
	Justification of choice of methods
	Prospecting stage: meaning and outlines of prospecting techniques (geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing)
	Exploration stage: meaning and classification of exploration techniques (geological, geophysical, geochemical)
	Meaning of feasibility study of a mining venture
	Financial analysis in mining
	Meaning of a mine, mine development, mineral processing design, mill design, mining as actual exploitation
	Need for mineral processing, economic benefits of mineral processing
	Meaning and processes of metal extraction (e.g., smelting, hydrometallurgy, electrometallurgy)
MINING METHODS	Surface Mining Methods
	Open pit as an example of surface mines, features of an open pit mine, minerals mined by open pit method
	Open cast mine as an example of a surface mine, features of an open cast mine
	Quarrying and Dimension Stones production: Meaning, products of quarrying, uses of products, unit operations of a quarry
	Dimension stone production
	Minerals that are mined by open cast method
	Underground Mining Methods
	Features of an underground mine
	Basic concepts of underground mining methods (e.g., square setting, cut-and-fill, shrinkage, sub-level, long-hole)
	Sea-floor mining
	Moon and asteroid mining
	Materials handling equipment (e.g., conveyor belt, trucks, pay-loader, etc.)
INTRODUCTION TO MINERAL PROCESSING	Meaning of Mineral processing, comminution terms, concentration terms, mill accounting terms
	Properties of minerals employed in mineral processing (e.g., specific gravity, magnetism)
	Main operations in mineral processing (comminution and concentration)
	Products of mineral processing (e.g., concentrate, tailings, middling, dewatering, auxiliary operations, tailings disposal)
GEMOLOGY AND LAPIDARY	Meaning of gemology and lapidary
	Machines and tools in gemstone processing (e.g., faceting machine, grinding machine, polishing machine)
	Meaning and properties of gemstones
	Types of gemstones based on shape, colour, size, refractive index, etc.
	Characteristics and methods of identification of gemstones
	Quality of gemstones
	Unit of measurement of gemstones, prices of gemstones
	Marketing and prices of gemstones
HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT	Health hazards in mining
	Safety requirements/measures in mining
	Impacts of mining on the environment
	Safety equipment and apparels used in mining – personal protective equipment (PPE)
	Common diseases associated with mining industry
	Administering simple first aid, drugs/dressing material
	Guidelines for accident reporting, steps for environmental control
	Basic issues in National policy on mineral development
	Mining laws and regulations
	Environmental protection laws
	National policy on the environment

FACILITIES AND MAJOR EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS REQUIRED

Spring balance : 2
Fire extinguishers : 1
Sand and water bucket : 1
Specific gravity test apparatus(pycnometer) : 2
Model of open pit mine : 1
Model of underground mine : 1
Samples of common rocks and minerals e.g. limestone, cassiterite : 5
Samples of gemstone : 5
Globe : 1
Petrological microscope : 2
Binocular microscope : 2
Magnifying glass : 10
Topographical maps : 5
Geological maps : 5
Chart of periodic table of elements : 1
Thermometers : 5
Electronic balance : 1
Beakers : 5
Cylinders : 5
Petri dishes : 5

WAEC Mining Textbooks 2026/2027

Damisa, E. O. A. (2010): Introduction to Mining. published by Spectrum Books Ltd.
Gregory, C. E. (1983): Rudiments of Mining Practice. Trans Tech Publications, Zellerfled- Germany.
Damisa, E. O. A. and Tsaro, G. D. A. (2011): Introduction to Mineral Processing. Published by Spectrum Publishers.
Davou, D. D. (2012): Introduction to Geology. Published by Spectrum Publishers.
Mallo, S. J. and Nwude, B. O. (1998): Introduction to Shaft Sinking.
Mallo, S. J. (1998): Minerals and mining on the Jos Plateau. Published by ACON, Jos.
Hartman, L. M.(2002): Introduction to Mining Engineering.
Fred, B. G & Laurence J. D.(2006): Mining and its impact on the environment.
Wills B. A. & Munn, T. N. (2006): Wills Mineral Processing Technology. Published by Elsevier.
Fuestenau, M. C. & Han, K. N. (2003): Principles of Mineral Processing, Published by Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
Hartman, L. M. (1992): SME Mining Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1 & 2, Second Edition.
Littleton, Colorade: Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc (SME).
Mukerjee, P. K. (2005): A Textbook of Geology. Kolkuta. The World Press.
Chermcoff, S. & Whitney, D. (2007): Geology: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Fourth Edition. Pearson International. New Jersey.

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November 16, 2025

WAEC Woodwork Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Woodwork Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks : current syllabus focuses on workshop safety, hand tools, woodworking machines, and various types of joints. Key topics include personal and machine safety, identifying hand tools, understanding woodworking machines, and the classification of timber.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must have the creative ability, mental and practical skills in the use of hand and machine tools for the construction of basic items in wood and related materials
Candidates must have the good basic knowledge of design and reading of working drawings
Candidates must have ability to plan and follow a sequence of work operations which are necessary to lead to successful completion of projects
Candidates must have the awareness of problems relating to wood and the wood industry
Candidates must have the functional skills capable of providing a means of livelihood in woodworking.

Examination Guides

Scheme of Examination

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will

be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1:

It will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which must be answered within 40 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2:

It will consist of a theory and design paper of two sections, Sections A and B, to be taken within 2 hours and 20 minutes.

Section A will be short structured questions put into three parts, Parts I, II and III, as follows:

Part I will be for candidates in Ghana only.

Part II will be for candidates in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and The Gambia.

Part III will be for all candidates. It will comprise two questions, out of which all candidates will be required to answer one.

Section B will comprise design and drawing questions, all of which must be answered within 1 hour and 40 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 3:

This will be a practical test lasting 3 hours. Candidates will be required to make a test piece for which the appropriate drawings will be supplied. It will carry 100 marks.

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

(1) Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
(a) terminologies used in woodwork;
(b) materials used in woodwork;
(c) care and maintenance of hand tools and machines;
(d) safety precautions at the workshop;
(e) principles of designing and drawing;
(f) methods and principles of construction.
(2) Candidates should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
(a) follow a given design brief to produce working drawings;
(b) interpret working drawings;
(c) use tools, equipment and materials to carry out practical operations in
sequential order;
(d) prepare surfaces and apply appropriate finishes.
(3) Candidates should be able to:
(a) compare features of different items and make comments or judgments; contrast, justify, support or criticize a job;
(b) write appraisal reports on artifacts.

WAEC Woodwork Syllabus 2026/2027

Main Topic	Subtopics / Components
Practical Activities	– Use of common hand tools, portable power tools, and basic woodworking machines- Making different joints and shapes- Use of nails, screws, and other fastening methods- Working from dimensioned sketches, written descriptions, or scaled drawingsTypes of Joints:• Widening joints: plain/simple butt, dowelled, tongue and grooved, rebated butt, loose tongue, slot screw.• Angle joints: dovetail (common/lapped), pin/comb/finger, dowel, housing, halving, plain miter.• Framing joints: mortice and tenon, bridle, miter, dowel, halving.Operations: shaping (chamfering, rounding, beveling, tapering, planing); assembling and finishing (testing squareness, cramping, surface prep, applying finishes).
Workshop Safety (Theory)	Personal Safety:Safety measures and importance, use of safety equipment (first aid box, goggles, aprons, masks, boots, gloves, respirators).Safety Relating to Tools & Environment:Safe use of hand tools, machines, electrical tools, lighting, ventilation, exits.Safety Devices: fire extinguishers, push sticks, jigs, fences.First Aid: contents and uses of first aid box; first aid for cuts, burns, el

Main Topic

Subtopics / Components

Practical Activities

– Use of common hand tools, portable power tools, and basic woodworking machines- Making different joints and shapes- Use of nails, screws, and other fastening methods- Working from dimensioned sketches, written descriptions, or scaled drawingsTypes of Joints:• Widening joints: plain/simple butt, dowelled, tongue and grooved, rebated butt, loose tongue, slot screw.• Angle joints: dovetail (common/lapped), pin/comb/finger, dowel, housing, halving, plain miter.• Framing joints: mortice and tenon, bridle, miter, dowel, halving.Operations: shaping (chamfering, rounding, beveling, tapering, planing); assembling and finishing (testing squareness, cramping, surface prep, applying finishes).

Workshop Safety (Theory)

Personal Safety:Safety measures and importance, use of safety equipment (first aid box, goggles, aprons, masks, boots, gloves, respirators).Safety Relating to Tools & Environment:Safe use of hand tools, machines, electrical tools, lighting, ventilation, exits.Safety Devices: fire extinguishers, push sticks, jigs, fences.First Aid: contents and uses of first aid box; first aid for cuts, burns, el

TOOLS, MACHINES AND MATERIALS FOR WOOD WORKSHOP

Category	Items / Tools
Hand Saws	1. Rip saw2. Cross-cut saw3. Panel saw4. Tenon saw5. Dovetail saw6. Coping saw7. Pad saw
Chisels and Gouges	8. Firmer chisels – 6mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 20mm9. Bevelled-edge chisels – 6mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 20mm10. Mortise chisels – 6mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 20mm11. Gouges (Firmer and Scribing) – 6mm, 12mm, 15mm, 20mm
Planes	12. Jack plane (metal)13. Smoothing plane (metal)14. Plough plane15. Rebate plane16. Shoulder plane17. Block plane18. Router plane19. Bullnose plane20. Compass plane
Shaping Tools	21. Spokeshave (round and flat)27. Hand scraper50. Files51. Rasps
Sharpening and Lubrication Tools	22. Oil stone and slip stones23. Oil can
Boring Tools	24. Brace (ratchet type)25. Bits (auger, centre, Forstner, gimlet, bradawl, countersink) – sizes 6mm, 10mm, 12mm, 20mm26. Hand drill
Measuring and Marking Tools	28. Folding rule / Tape measure29. Marking gauge30. Cutting gauge31. Mortise gauge32. Wing compasses33. Marking knife34. Sliding bevel35. Mitre square41. Try square
Holding and Clamping Tools	36. Woodwork bench37. Woodwork bench vice38. Sash cramps39. G-cramps40. Rack cramps
Percussion and Impelling Tools	42. Warrington hammer43. Claw hammer44. Mallet45. Pincers46. Nail punches47. Crowbar48. Nail cutter
Specialized Tools	49. Glass cutter
Woodworking Machines	– Cross-cut saw- Circular saw bench- Dimension saw- Band saw
Portable Power Tools	– Plane- Router- Jigsaw- Circular saw- Power drill- Sanders (orbital, belt, disc)
Materials	– Timber- Adhesive- Abrasives- Nails- Screws- Finishes and thinners- Plywood (various sizes)- Permanent markers

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November 12, 2025

WAEC ICT (Core) Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC ICT (Core) Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: includes topics like basic ICT concepts, information systems, software applications, internet and email, and the use of ICT in education and business.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates’ knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts of Information and Communication Technology
The examiner must know the capabilities of candidates in the application of ICT knowledge in education and business

Examination Guidelines

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which will be composite papers to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1:

This paper will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which must be answered within 45 minutes for 20 marks.

PAPER 2:

Paper 2 will consist of four compulsory tests of practical knowledge questions and six essay-type questions.

Candidates will be required to answer the compulsory test of practical questions and any two of the other questions within 2 hours for 80 marks.

WAEC ICT (Core) Syllabus 2026/2027

Topic	Sub-Topics
Introduction to Basic ICT Concepts and Computers	– Meaning of ICT and its related terminologies- Uses of ICT tools: mobile phones, computers, internet, television, radio, etc.- Impact of ICT on Education, Social, and Economic Development- Information processing cycle: distinction between data and information- Types and Uses of Computers
Computer Hardware	– Categories of computer hardware: system unit, peripherals, storage media
Computer Software	– Types of software: System and application software- Open source vs proprietary software
Threats to Computers and Users	– Meaning of computer threats- Categories of computer threats: Natural threats (earthquakes, heat, floods) vs Human threats (viruses, worms, intentional damage)- Health hazards to computer users: causes and effects- Remedies to threats and hazards
Word Processing	– Word Processing packages: uses and importance- Related concepts and terminologies- Creating and saving documents- Editing, formatting, and inserting objects (e.g., tables, graphics)- Printing of documents- Speed and accuracy in typing (30-35 wpm)
Spreadsheet	– Spreadsheet packages: uses and importance- Related concepts and terminologies- Types of data and their uses- Creating and saving workbooks- Constructing and inserting formulas and functions- Editing and formatting worksheets- Printing worksheets
Presentation	– Presentation packages: uses and importance- Creating and saving presentations- Editing, formatting, and insertion of objects- Slide shows and master slides- Factors to consider before delivering a presentation- Printing presentation documents
The Internet	– Meaning, concepts, terminologies, and requirements- Features and uses of browser windows- Rules and regulations in the use of the internet (netiquette)- Sending and accessing e-mail- Internet-related tools: chatting, downloading, uploading, search engines, Facebook, etc.

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November 12, 2025

WAEC Food and Nutrition Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Food and Nutrition Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: covers core topics including the importance of nutrition, basic nutrients, meal planning, food safety, and preparation methods. It includes an introduction to food and nutrition, basic food nutrients and their functions, and special nutritional needs for different age groups and health conditions.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must acquire basic knowledge about foods and nutrition;
Candidates Must understand the relationship between nutrition and health;
Candidates Must identify career opportunities in foods and nutrition and acquire skills for further studies;
Candidates must apply the general principles underlying meal planning, selection, preparation and serving of food to feed families and other consumers for different occasions;
Candidates must understand the need for planning an efficient and safe kitchen;
Candidates must choose, use, care and store kitchen equipment and tools effectively;
Candidates must appreciate the importance of sanitation in kitchen food preparation and service;
Candidates must apply basic principles underlying food processing, storage and preservation; acquire basic knowledge in consumer education;
Candidate s must acquire research skills and use the information to experiment, develop and improve local dishes;
Candidates must set up a business in the food industry using all the basic skills acquired.

Marking Guide

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2, and 3 all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be composite paper and will be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1: This will comprise sixty multiple-choice questions, all of which are to be answered within 1 hour for 60 marks.

PAPER 2: This will comprise six essay questions out of which candidates will be required to answer four. The paper will carry 40 marks and will last 1 hour and 15 minutes.

PAPER 3: This will be a practical test of 3 hours duration. It will carry 100 marks and will be conducted by a visiting examiner.

WAEC Food and Nutrition Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC FOOD & NUTRITION SYLLABUS
TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
NUTRITION & HEALTH	i. Introduction to Foods and Nutrition (a) Meaning (b) Basic knowledge of Nutrition (c) Importance of Human Nutrition (d) Factors affecting Foods and Nutrition (e) Food Habits ii. Careers associated with Foods and Nutrition. (a) Careers associated with Foods and Nutrition (b) Factors that influence career choices (c) Characteristics required for Foods and Nutrition careers iii. Basic Food Nutrients (a) The nutrients and their nutritive values (b) Functions of the different nutrients (c) Sources of the different nutrients (d) Dietary deficiencies (e) Metabolism, (digestion and absorption of foods carbohydrate, protein and fat) (f) Knowledge and use of food composition table (g) Food tests: simple physical and chemical tests of food stuffs to detect presence of nutrients in foods e.g. proteins, fats and carbohydrates iv. Meal Management a) Meal Planning (i) Meal planning terms (ii) Reasons for planning meals (iii) Factors in planning meals (iv) General principles of meal planning (v) Meal patterns b) Special Nutritional Needs (i) Nutritional needs for different groups e.g. pregnant, lactating mothers, infants and children, adolescents, adults and the aged, vegetarians. (ii) Planning meals for people in health condition e.g. HIV & AIDS, invalids, convalescents, overweight, underweight, hypertension, diabetes etc
FOOD LABORATORY & EQUIPMENTS	i. The kitchen (a) Types of kitchen e.g. traditional, modern, institutional. (b) Planning different types of kitchen. (c) Factors to consider when planning. (d) Cleaning agents and abrasives (commercial and local) ii. Kitchen equipment and tools (a) Classes and types of equipment (b) Selection, use, care and storage of large and small equipment, fixtures and appliances iii. Safety in the kitchen (a) Types of kitchen accidents (b) Causes and prevention of accidents (c) Content and use of first aid box (d) Simple first aid treatment iv. Sanitation in the kitchen (a) Personal Hygiene (b) Kitchen Hygiene e.g. general cleaning, waste disposal, pests and pest control (c) Food hygiene e.g. handling of foods, food borne diseases, food sanitation laws
FOOD COMMODITIES	i. Animal and animal products – milk and milk products e.g Cheese, yoghurt, eggs, meat, poultry, fish etc. a) Kinds/types and structure -Selection -Storage ii. Cereals/grains (a) Kinds and forms (b) Importance of cereals and grains: – versatility – thickening – cheap source of energy/good source of roughage iii. Fruits and vegetables (a) Classification of fruits/Classification of vegetables. (b) Structure, nutritive value and storage. (c) Important of fruits and vegetables in the diet, etc iv. Legumes and oily seeds (a) Classification of legumes, oily seeds (b) Importance of legumes and oily seeds in the diet, etc. v. Fats and oils (a) Kinds and classification – vegetable fats and oils – animal fats and oils (b) Uses in diet (c) Uses in the body (d) Health implications of fats and oils vi. Starchy roots and plantain (a) Types of starchy roots (b) Types of plantain (c) Types of dishes
FOOD STORAGE & PRESERVATION	i. Food spoilage (a) Meaning of food spoilage (b) Causes and agents of food spoilage ii. Food preservation (a) Meaning and importance of preservation (b) General principles underlying food preservation (c) Methods of food preservation iii. Food storage (a) Meaning and importance of food storage (b) Storage of perishable and non perishable foods (c) Storage space and equipment e.g. refrigeration, deep freezer, cupboards, shelves, granaries, barns etc
FOOD PREPARATION	i. Principles underlying cooking (a) Explanation of the concept of cooking (b) Reasons for cooking food ii. Methods of cooking (a) Moist heat methods e.g. boiling, stewing, steaming etc. (b) Dry heat methods e.g. baking, roasting, grilling, frying etc. (c) Effects of heat on different food commodities e.g. animal products, cereals and grains, fats and oil etc iii. Transfer of heat Methods of heat transfer and meaning – Convection – liquid, gases – Radiation – space – conduction – solid metal iv. Cooking terms Explanation of cooking terms v. Food additives (a) Definitions (b) Types of food additives (c) Functions of additives (d) Selection and use of additives (e) Food adulteration vi. Flour Cookery and Confectionery a) Types of flour •Types of flour •Ingredients in flour •Uses of flour b) Basic ingredients in Flour cookery – Flour, fat, sugar, eggs c) Raising agents •Types of raising agents, i.e., steam, carbon dioxide and air •Sources:- boiling liquid – steam, baking powder – carbon dioxide whisking – air d) Batters and doughs • Batters (Types, Uses of batters. Dishes using batter) • Doughs ( biscuits, classification, rubbed in, creamed, whisked, melted, sponge mixtures) e) Cakes (rubbed in, creamed, whisked, melted, sponge mixtures) f) Pastries •Types of Pastries (Shortcrust, suet, flaky, etc.) •Principles underlying pastry making •Pastry dishes e.g. turn over; jam tartlets, cornish pasties, etc. g) Yeast Mixtures •Definition •Ways of preparing yeast mixture •Important points in preparing yeast mixture •Yeast dishes – bread loaves, bread rolls, doughnut h) Cake Decoration icing •Types of icing e.g. butter icing, royal icing •Uses of icing •Preparation of icing •Using royal icing and butter icing
BEVERAGES	i. Classification of beverages (a) Non-alcoholic beverages (coffee&tea, cocoa drink, milk & egg drinks, fruit juices & fruit drinks, beef tea & lemon grass) (b) Alcoholic (beer, wine)ii. Importance of beverages a) Nutritive valueiii. Principles underlining the preparation of a beverage a) Tea, coffee, cocoa, etc
CONVENIENCE FOODS	i. Types of convenience foods ii. Selection and uses of convenience foods iii. Advantages and disadvantages of using convenience foods iv. Preparation of dishes using convenience foods
RECHAUFFÉ (LEFTOVER) FOODS	i. Explanation ii. Importance of using leftover goods iii. Rules/guidelines for using leftover foods iv. Rechauffé dishes 9. Festive Dishes/Special Occasion Dishes i. Explanation ii. Occasions for festive dishes iii. Types of festive dishes/special occasion dishes iv. Preparation of festive dishes/special occasion dishes
FESTIVE DISHES / SPECIAL OCCASIONS DISHES	i. Explanation ii. Occasions for festive dishes iii. Types of festive dishes/special occasion dishes iv. Preparation of festive dishes/special occasion dishes
ART OF ENTERTAINING	i. Entertainment (a) Explanation (b) Types of parties (c) Occasions for parties (d) Points to consider when selecting types of parties (e) Factors that contribute to the success of parties ii. Table setting and etiquette (a) Explanation e.g. table setting, cover, etc (b) Setting tables and tray for different meal and occasion (c) Table appointments (d) Table manners/etiquette iii. Meal Service Style (a) Types of meal service – Informal meal service – formal meal service (b) Factors determining choice of service styles types of party (c) Foods for special occasions e. g. birthday, naming ceremonies, weddings etc. (e) Factors that contribute to the success of parties
EXPERIMENTAL COOKERY	i. Research into Local dishes and Drinks (a) Importance of research in Foods and Nutrition (b) Collection of information (data) (c) Research into local dishes (d) Development of new recipes (e) Improving existing recipes based on methods of preparation, Nutritive value, time and energy use and service/ presentation ii. Experiments (a) Using fruits e.g. passion fruit, samia, royal palm fruit (b) Other types of flour e.g. root, cereal and legumes, etc
CONSUMER EDUCATION	i. Consumer Education (a) Meaning and principles (b) consumer agents ii. Food Budgeting (a) Explanation (b) Factors to consider when budgeting iii. Food Purchasing (a) Guidelines for shopping for food (b) Guidelines for bulk purchasing (c) Reasons for buying in bulk (d) Advantages and disadvantages of bulk purchasing
SELF – EMPLOYMENT	i. Setting up and managing a catering enterprise (a) Explanation of terms – entrepreneur – entrepreneurship – enterprise (b) Characteristics of an entrepreneur (c) Advantages and disadvantages of an entrepreneur (d) Setting up a catering entrepreneur (e) Some catering enterprises (f) Factors contributing to the success of an enterprise ii. Work ethics (a) Explanation of work ethics (b) Good work ethics iii. Packaging (a) Explanation of Food Packaging (b) Reasons why food is packaged (c) Qualities of packaging materials (d) Types of packaging materials

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November 10, 2025

WAEC Fisheries (Alternative B) Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

WAEC Fisheries (Alternative B) Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers topics like aquaculture, environmental conditions, fish culture, and preservation. Specific textbooks are not officially listed, but students should focus on materials covering these core areas. Recommended textbooks should cover topics from the syllabus, such as aquaculture techniques, fish farming methods, fish feed and materials, and fish processing.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must know the importance of fisheries in the socio-economic development of West Africa
Candidates must improve their skills in fish farming
Candidates must have basic entrepreneurial skills in fisheries-related vocations
Candidates must see the effects of water pollution on fishery resources
Candidates must know the fish preservation and processing techniques.

Examination Guides

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.

PAPER 1: Will consist of forty multiple choice objective questions, all of which should be answered within 40 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2: Will consist of six essay questions. Candidates will be required to

Answer four questions within 2 hours for 80 marks.

PAPER 3: This will be a practical paper for school candidates and an alternative to a practical work paper for private candidates. Each version of the paper will consist of four questions, all of which should be answered within 1½ hours for 60 marks.

REQUIREMENTS

Schools offering Fisheries must have at least a small glass/plastic tank/aquarium and a fish pond/concrete tank.
The study should be supplemented by visits to well-established fish farms, fisheries research institutions, fishing companies and other institutions related to fisheries.
It is recommended that candidates keep practical notebooks which should contain records of activities based on laboratory and individual observations carried out in glass tanks/aquaria and fish farms, field trips and also records of specimens collected.
Schools should prepare an album of fishery organisms, fishing gear and craft and different fish-rearing facilities and equipment for teaching purposes.

WAEC Fisheries (Alternative B) Syllabus 2026/2027

S.No.	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Fisheries	– Meaning of Fisheries- Sub-divisions of Fisheries- Importance of Fisheries
2	Processes of Fish Production	– Capture Fisheries – Different Methods Involved in Capture Fisheries – Materials Required for Capture Fisheries and Their Uses- Culture Fisheries – Identification of Common Qualities of Culturable Fish Species – Identification of Common Culturable Fishery Organisms – Culture Facilities
3	Types of Fish Culture Facilities and Culture Systems	– Fish Ponds – Types of Fish Ponds – Components of Fish Ponds- Systems of Aquaculture – Types of Aquaculture – Management Systems in Aquaculture
4	Water Quality Control and Monitoring	– Definition of Water Quality- Water Quality Parameters- Methods of Monitoring Water Quality- Water Pollution- Optimum Water Parameter Ranges
5	Fish Feeds and Feeding	– Fish Feed/Food Materials- Identification of Different Fish Feed/Food Materials- Nutritive Value of Fish Feed Ingredients- Fish Feeding – Feeding Regime for Fish – Ideal Feeding Periods for Fish – Methods of Feeding
6	Fish Pond Preparation and Management	– Fish Pond Construction– Pond Preparation – Tools Required for Pond Preparation – Preparation of Ponds for Stocking- Pond Management – Meaning of Pond Management – Pond Management Practices
7	Fish Harvesting and Post-Harvesting Processes	– Materials and Methods for Harvesting Fish- Fishing Gear- Construction and Mending of Fishing Gear- Methods of Fish Harvesting- Fishing Crafts- Post-Harvest Handling of Fish – Materials and Methods for Processing Fish – Methods of Fish Preservation – Packaging Materials for Fish – Marketing Channels for Fish
8	Fish Seed Production	– Brood Stock Selection and Handling – Differences Between Male and Female Sexually Mature Fishes – Qualities of Good Breeders – Ways of Handling Brood Stock- Artificial Breeding – Meaning and Importance of Artificial Breeding – Steps Involved in the Artificial Breeding of Fish – Equipment and Materials Used in Artificial Breeding of Fish- Managing and Nursing Fish Seed
9	Practical Fisheries	– Fish Culture – Environmental Conditions in Fish Habitats – Tools and Equipment Used in Fish Culture – Common Culturable Fish Species – Fish Feed and Materials – Materials for Pond Preparation- Fishing Gear and Craft – Fishing Gear – Fishing Craft- Fish Processing and Preservation – Equipment Used in Fish Processing and Preservation – Fish Products and By-products – Fish Packaging Materials

FACILITIES AND MAJOR EQUIPMENT

DO(Dissolved Oxygen) meter : 2
pH meter: 2
Conductivity meter : 2
Thermometer : 50
Water Test Kits : 2
Microscopes : 4
Magnifying Glass : 30
Aquaria Tanks : 5
Hatching Troughs : 5
Nursery Tanks/Ponds : 3
Demonstration Ponds : 1 or more
Scoop Nets : 10
Aerators and Accessories : 10
Plastic Sieves : 10
Compounded Feeds : many bags
Grinding Machines : 2
Charts and Pictures : Assorted
Video Clips in Fisheries : Assorted
Pelleting Machine : 1
Dissection Kits : 2
Water pumps : 2
Secchi Disc : 2
Model Gillnet : 1
Model Cast net : 1
Model Siene net : 1
Model traps : Assorted
Model hooks and line : 2
Model trawl net : 1
Netting materials : Assorted
Hooks packets : 20
Nylon ropes : 1
Mounting twine : 1
Canoe : 1
Paddles : 2
Gutting knives : 10
Measuring boards : 5
Weighing balances : 2
Hand gloves : 30
Freezers : 2
Ovens : 2
Kilns : 2
Fish drying racks : 2
Fish boxes : 5
Salting trays/basins : 5
Sun-drying mats : 5
Cardboards box : 5
Nylon : 10 (bundles)
Baskets : 10

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November 10, 2025

WAEC Ibibio Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Ibibio Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) cover the language’s grammar, literature (includingprose, poetry, and drama), and culture. The aim is to ensure candidates can communicate competently, understand their culture, and appreciate literature through reading and writing skills.

Aims and Objectives

To enable candidates to speak, read and write competently in Ibibio and communicate effectively within their environment
To expose the candidates to their culture, customs and institutions
To get candidates acquainted with the necessary tools needed for creative writing and the appreciation of Ibibio language and literature
To familiarize candidates with the sound system, grammatical structures and other features of the Ibibio language.

Examination Guidelines

The examination will consist of two papers—Paper 1 and Paper 2—which together form a composite paper to be taken in one sitting. All instructions and rubrics will be written in Ibibio, and candidates are expected to answer entirely in the language, using the standard orthography and approved metalanguage.

Paper 1 will be an objective multiple-choice test containing 60 questions to be answered in 1 hour for a total of 60 marks. It will be divided into three sections: Language (Section A), Literature (Section B), and Culture (Section C).

Section A: Language will have 30 questions, covering comprehension (10 items), composition and letter writing (4), sound system (6), grammar (6), and translation (4).
Section B: Literature will include 22 questions, distributed as follows: Basic Principles of Literary Appreciation (4 items), Oral Literature—prose (3), poetry (3), drama (3)—and Written Literature—prose (3), poetry (3), and drama (3). All questions except those on literary appreciation will be based on the set texts prescribed for Paper 2.
Section C: Culture will contain 8 questions—4 on customs and 4 on institutions—bringing the total to 60 items.

Paper 2 will be a 2-hour composition test, worth 100 marks. Like Paper 1, it will have three sections: Language (A), Literature (B), and Culture (C). Candidates will be required to answer six questions out of thirteen provided. Further details about the specific requirements and structure of this paper are outlined in subsequent sections of the examination syllabus.

WAEC Ibibio Syllabus 2026/2027

Section	Part	Details	Topics/Content
Section A: Essay	Part 1: Essay/Letter Writing	Time: 45 minutes	Essay Types: – Narrative – Descriptive – Argumentative – Expository – Dialogue – Proverbial – Letter Writing
		Requirement: Choose one topic and write about 300 words
	Part 2: Sound System	Time: 1 Question to attempt	Content Areas: – Vowels, Consonants, Syllabic Nasals: Production, phonetic and phonemic classification. – Syllable Structure: Combination of consonants and vowels. – Sound Processes: Vowel harmony, Assimilation of loan words, Tone and tone intonation (High, Low, Rising, Falling).

	Part 3: Grammar	Time: 1 Question to attempt	Content Areas: – Word structure and formation (Roots, Affixes, Prefixes, Suffixes, Compounding, Borrowing, Reduplication). – Word classes (Noun, Verb, Adverb, Pronoun, Adjective, etc.) – Grammatical categories (Number, Person, Tense, Negation). – Phrases and Clauses structure and functions. – Sentence types (Simple, Complex, Compound). – Sentence functions (Interrogative, Declarative, Negative). – Punctuation marks.
Section B: Literature	Part 1: Oral Literature	Time: 1 Question to attempt	Subtopics: – Prose (Folktales, Legends, Proverbs, Riddles). – Poetry (Songs, Ballads). – Drama (Traditional dra

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November 8, 2025

WAEC History Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC History Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks exam includes topics on West Africa and the wider world from earliest times to the year 2000, broken into three essay sections: Before 1800, the 19th Century, and 1900–2000.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must have knowledge of their national histories from earliest times to 2000 with emphasis on the relationship between the peoples and states
Candidates must have intellectual capacity and skills in historical interpretation and analysis
Candidates must have the ability to use acquired skills in relating the past to the present
Candidates must develop an appreciation towards factors that make for national unity and global understanding
Candidates must be exposed and appreciation of the similarities and differences in the National, social and political institutions
Candidates must have the knowledge of the main historical developments in West Africa from the earliest times to 2000
Candidates must have ability to relate events in their country and West Africa to those of the outside world
Candidates must have the ability to present clear, relevant, and logical arguments.

Examination Guidelines

The examination consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, which must be completed in one sitting.

Paper 1 is a multiple-choice test consisting of 50 questions, with a total of 40 marks. Candidates will have 1 hour to answer all questions.

Paper 2 is an essay-type test with a duration of 2 hours. It includes sets of questions on the histories of the member countries, with each set divided into three sections: A, B, and C. For Nigeria, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, and Liberia, the sections cover the following historical periods:

Section A: From the earliest times to 1800
Section B: 19th Century
Section C: 1900 – 2000

For Ghana, the sections are:

Section A: Landmarks of African history, from the earliest times to AD 1800
Section B: Ghana and the wider world, from the earliest times to AD 1900
Section C: Ghana, AD 1900-1991

Each section will contain three questions, and candidates are required to answer four questions, choosing at least one from each section. This paper is worth 60 marks. Candidates will focus on the history of their home countries when answering the questions.

WAEC History Syllabus 2026/2027

Main Theme / Topic	Subtopics / Key Content	Applicable Countries / Sections
Historiography and Historical Skills	– What is History and why do we study it? – Sources of History (oral, written, archaeological, linguistic, etc.) – Historical skills (ancient and modern approaches) – Prospects of ICT in Historical Studies	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone (All Section A)
Trans-Saharan Trade	– Origin, organization, and effects on the development of West African states	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Islam in West Africa	– Introduction, spread, and effects of Islam	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
European Contact with West Africa	– Reasons for European arrival – Immediate effects and West African reactions	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade	– Origin, organization, effects, and suppression	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Christian Missionary Activities in West Africa	– Role in the suppression of the slave trade – Missionary impact on education, health, language, and religion	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
The Scramble for and Partition of West Africa	– Causes and process – Industrial Revolution and scramble for colonies – Colonial subjugation, occupation, and African reaction	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Colonial Rule in West Africa	– Patterns of colonial rule (direct/indirect) – Consolidation of European culture – Colonial economy and underdevelopment – Africa and the two World Wars	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Problems of Independent West African States	– Neo-colonialism and economic underdevelopment – Unequal development, instability, military rule – Boundary disputes and threat to unity	Nigeria, Ghana, The Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone
West Africa and International Organizations	– United Nations (UN) – Organization of African Unity (OAU)/African Union (AU) – Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) – Commonwealth of Nations – Mano River Union (MRU) (Liberia & Sierra Leone)	All countries
Country-Specific Topics	The Gambia: Earliest times to 2000 (ethnic groups, industries, Islam, colonialism, independence, coups, Senegambia relations) Ghana: From African landmarks to AD 1991 (ancient civilizations, trans-Saharan trade, European contact, nationalism, independence, and post-independence governance) Liberia: From earliest times to 2000 (migrations, colonization, Americo-Liberians, independence, coups, civil war, and ECOWAS intervention) Nigeria: From earliest times to 2000 (ancient civilizations, trans-Saharan trade, Sokoto Caliphate, colonial rule, independence, military rule, Fourth Republic) Sierra Leone: From earliest times to 2000 (ethnic groups, Mane invasions, slave trade, colonialism, independence, civil war, and post-war reconstruction)	Each respective country and section (A, B, C)

WAEC History Textbooks 2026/2027

Buah, F. K. A History of West Africa from AD 1000, London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 1986.
Crowder, M. West Africa: An Introduction of its History, London: Longman Group Ltd, 1977.
Eluwa, G. I. C. et al. A History of Nigeria for Schools and Colleges, Onitsha: Africana-First Publishers Ltd, 1988
Okafor, L. M. History for Senior Secondary Schools, Books 1 & 2 Nigeria, Onitsha: Jet Publishers (Nig.) Ltd, 1989
Okafor, L. M. et al. History for Senior Secondary Schools Book 3, Africa and the Wider World Since 1800, Onitsha: Jet Publishers (Nig.) Ltd, 1990
Onwubiko, K. B. C. School Certificate History of West Africa AD 1000- 1800 Book One, Onitsha: Africana-FEP Publishers Ltd, 1982
Webster, J. B. and A. A. Boahen with M. Tidy. The Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800 New Edition, London: Longman Group Ltd, 1980.

Home BlogWAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

WAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

By WAEC2026 November 7, 2025 Blog, WAEC Syllabus 2026, WAEC Textbooks 0 Comments

The WAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: cover the human body, health, and the environment. Key topics include the structure and function of body systems, disease prevention, nutrition, first aid, drug education, and family life education. It also encompasses community and school health services, as well as environmental health topics such as water supply, waste disposal, and pollution.

Contents [hide]

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must acquire basic knowledge of the human body and necessary skills for the maintenance of health
Candidates must acquire positive health practices in the school and community
Candidates must identify and show the ecological relationship between man and his environment as a basis for preventing diseases
Candidates must make observations and draw inferences from practical experiences that may have implications for health
Candidates develop the readiness necessary for professional training in health-related careers

Examination Guides

There will be three papers – Papers 1, 2, and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1

It will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which must be taken in 1hour for 50 marks.

PAPER 2 –

It will consist of two sections, Sections A and B.

Section A will consist of six short-structured questions, all of which must be answered for 30 marks.

Section B will consist of three essay questions, out of which candidates will be required to answer two questions for 40 marks. The paper will last 1 hour.

PAPER 3 –

Paper 3 will be a practical test for school candidates and an alternative test of practical work for private candidates. The paper will last for 1¾ hours and carry 80 marks.

Materials needed in the Health Education Laboratory/Examination

Models of various organs of the body;
Models of various parts of the body e.g. tooth;
Human skeleton;
Bones of the body;
Contraceptive devices;
Reagents for testing of starch, protein, fat;
Road safety signs;
Different types of safety elements;
Posters/charts of systems of the body e.g., reproductive, digestive, excretory;
First aid box and kits;
Fire extinguisher;
Sand bucket;
Photographs of health facilities and workers e.g., doctors , nurses, dentists at work;
Photographs of methods of sewage and refuse disposals;
Microscope
Stethoscope
Preserved worms;
Preserved pests and vectors
Photographs/posters of various types of communicable and non-communicable diseases;
Model/poster showing parts of the body;
Materials for personal hygiene e.g., toothpaste, comb, toothbrush;
Dissecting set
Photographs/posters of accident scenes;
Photographs/posters showing methods of food preservation
Photographs/posters showing disaster scenes;
Safety;
Photographs/posters of drugs commonly misused/abused
Tobacco products;
Hand lens;
Real objects/photographs/posters/charts of classes of food;
Photographs/posters showing correct postures
Photographs/posters showing postural abnormalities;
Poster/real object of sphygmomanometer, thermometer, litmus paper Snellen chart.

WAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027

Main Topic / Unit	Subtopics / Content Details
Meaning and Setting for Health Education	Meaning: Definition and scope of Health Education.Settings: Home-based, School-based, Community-based, Health facility-based, Workplace-based.Health Promotion: Meaning and importance.Notes: Students should visit and observe community, health facility and workplace-based health education programmes and services.
Human Anatomy and Physiology	Cells and Tissues: Types (somatic, sex), cell division (mitosis, meiosis), cell differentiation, tissue formation.Organs & Systems: Growth and development.Sense Organs: Structure and functions of eye, ear, skin, nose, tongue.Systems of the Body:– Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Axial/appendicular skeleton, functions, joints, muscle types, movement.- Circulatory System: Heart, vessels, blood/lymph composition, circulation, blood clotting, blood groups, disorders (sickle cell, leukaemia, hypertension, etc.).- Digestive System: Organs, processes, digestion, absorption, metabolism, diseases and prevention.- Excretory System: Kidney and skin structure/functions, urine formation, dialysis.- Respiratory System: Structure, functions, respiration, gaseous exchange, breathing mechanism, disorders.- Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, reflex arc, voluntary/involuntary actions, disorders.- Endocrine System: Location and functions of glands, hormones, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms.- Posture: Correct posture, postural defects (flat foot, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis), causes, prevention, correction.
Personal Health	Meaning and importance of physical health.Personal Hygiene: Promotion and maintenance, factors affecting health.Health Screening: Eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, presbyopia, squint), ear defects (conductive, neurosensory), skin disorders.Care: Eye, ear, skin, teeth, mouth, hands, hair and nails.Dental Health: Types of teeth, dental caries, gingivitis, prevention.
Community Health	Community Health Services: Definition, providers (orthodox & traditional), community efforts.School Health Programme: Definition, components (skill-based education, environment, feeding, nutrition, linkages: HPS, CFS, FRESH, LS, EFA).Family Health: Maternal and child health, family size, budgeting, ageing and death education, grief, causes of death.Epidemiology & Vital Statistics: Definitions, components (birth, mortality, morbidity rates), uses.
Environmental Health	Housing: Criteria (siting, ventilation, lighting, sanitation).Water Supply: Sources, purification, uses.Waste Disposal: Meaning, types (refuse, sewage), methods.Pollution: Meaning, types (air, water, soil, noise), sources, health effects.Industrial Health: Meaning, programmes, occupational hazards.Pests and Vectors: Meaning, habitats, harmful effects, control.
Nutrition and Food Nutrients	Nutrition: Classes, sources, functions, caloric values.Balanced Diet: Meaning, classification, nutritional problems, feeding habits.Water: Importance.Nutritional Processes: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, metabolism, defecation.Beverages: Meaning, types, effects.Diet for Groups: Children, adolescents, athletes, pregnant women, adults, aged.Food Hygiene & Preservation: Principles, effects of cooking on nutrients, preservation methods (smoking, drying, freezing, canning, etc.).
Safety Education and First Aid	First Aid: Meaning, aims, principles, contents of first aid kit.Emergency Conditions: Cuts, wounds, bleeding, fractures, burns, shock, asphyxia, poisoning.Agencies: Providers of first aid services.Disaster: Meaning, types, relief activities.Accident: Causes, prevention.Disability and Rehabilitation: Meaning, types, prevention.
Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco Education	Drug Education: Key terms (abuse, misuse, addiction, dependence, self-medication, rehabilitation).Drug Abuse: Classes of abused drugs, routes of intake (oral, injection, inhalation, topical, anal), effects, prevention.Behaviour-Altering Substances: Tobacco (components, effects), alcohol (effects), drugs (effects).Control Measures: Reasons and prevention of abuse, smoking, and drinking.
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases	Diseases: Meaning and classification.Communicable: Definition, types and examples:- Airborne: Common cold, measles, whooping cough, TB, meningitis.- Water/Food-borne: Dysentery, cholera, typhoid, schistosomiasis.- Insect-borne: Malaria, yellow fever, trypanosomiasis, filariasis.- Worms: Ascaris, Taenia, Hookworm, Guinea worm.- Animal-borne: Rabies, leptospirosis.- Contact: Gonorrhoea, syphilis, ringworm, leprosy, AIDS.Factors: Agent, host, transmission route.Non-Communicable: Deficiency diseases (scurvy, rickets, etc.); hereditary/growth-related diseases (cancer, diabetes, hypertension, mental illness, etc.).
Family Life and Human Sexuality Education	Human Reproduction: Key terms, reproductive organs, conception, foetal development, childbirth, disorders.Human Sexuality: Meaning, importance, life skills (assertiveness, negotiation, communication).Family and Roles: Meaning, types, size, challenges (widowhood, single parenthood, in-laws, infidelity).Agencies Promoting Healthy Family Living.Family Planning & Safe Motherhood: Meaning, need, methods, safe motherhood practices.Population Education: Meaning, census, small/large populations, problems.
Emotional and Social Health	Interrelationship: Between mental, emotional and social health.Personality: Definition, traits, problems and solutions.Mental Health: Meaning, promotion, types, prevention, importance.
Consumer Health Education	Consumer Products & Services: Laws protecting consumers, factors influencing choice (authenticity, cost, availability, advertisement).Consumer Healthcare: Quacks and quackery (meaning, types), health insurance, advertising of health products.Nostrums: Meaning, types, reasons for avoiding.

Recent Posts

November 8, 2025

WAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: cover the human body, health, and the environment. Key topics include the structure and function of body systems, disease prevention, nutrition, first aid, drug education, and family life education. It also encompasses community and school health services, as well as environmental health topics such as water supply, waste disposal, and pollution.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates must acquire basic knowledge of the human body and necessary skills for the maintenance of health
Candidates must acquire positive health practices in the school and community
Candidates must identify and show the ecological relationship between man and his environment as a basis for preventing diseases
Candidates must make observations and draw inferences from practical experiences that may have implications for health
Candidates develop the readiness necessary for professional training in health-related careers

Examination Guides

There will be three papers – Papers 1, 2, and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

PAPER 1

It will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which must be taken in 1hour for 50 marks.

PAPER 2 –

It will consist of two sections, Sections A and B.

Section A will consist of six short-structured questions, all of which must be answered for 30 marks.

Section B will consist of three essay questions, out of which candidates will be required to answer two questions for 40 marks. The paper will last 1 hour.

PAPER 3 –

Paper 3 will be a practical test for school candidates and an alternative test of practical work for private candidates. The paper will last for 1¾ hours and carry 80 marks.

Materials needed in the Health Education Laboratory/Examination

Models of various organs of the body;
Models of various parts of the body e.g. tooth;
Human skeleton;
Bones of the body;
Contraceptive devices;
Reagents for testing of starch, protein, fat;
Road safety signs;
Different types of safety elements;
Posters/charts of systems of the body e.g., reproductive, digestive, excretory;
First aid box and kits;
Fire extinguisher;
Sand bucket;
Photographs of health facilities and workers e.g., doctors , nurses, dentists at work;
Photographs of methods of sewage and refuse disposals;
Microscope
Stethoscope
Preserved worms;
Preserved pests and vectors
Photographs/posters of various types of communicable and non-communicable diseases;
Model/poster showing parts of the body;
Materials for personal hygiene e.g., toothpaste, comb, toothbrush;
Dissecting set
Photographs/posters of accident scenes;
Photographs/posters showing methods of food preservation
Photographs/posters showing disaster scenes;
Safety;
Photographs/posters of drugs commonly misused/abused
Tobacco products;
Hand lens;
Real objects/photographs/posters/charts of classes of food;
Photographs/posters showing correct postures
Photographs/posters showing postural abnormalities;
Poster/real object of sphygmomanometer, thermometer, litmus paper Snellen chart.

WAEC Health Education Syllabus 2026/2027

Main Topic / Unit	Subtopics / Content Details
Meaning and Setting for Health Education	Meaning: Definition and scope of Health Education.Settings: Home-based, School-based, Community-based, Health facility-based, Workplace-based.Health Promotion: Meaning and importance.Notes: Students should visit and observe community, health facility and workplace-based health education programmes and services.
Human Anatomy and Physiology	Cells and Tissues: Types (somatic, sex), cell division (mitosis, meiosis), cell differentiation, tissue formation.Organs & Systems: Growth and development.Sense Organs: Structure and functions of eye, ear, skin, nose, tongue.Systems of the Body:– Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Axial/appendicular skeleton, functions, joints, muscle types, movement.- Circulatory System: Heart, vessels, blood/lymph composition, circulation, blood clotting, blood groups, disorders (sickle cell, leukaemia, hypertension, etc.).- Digestive System: Organs, processes, digestion, absorption, metabolism, diseases and prevention.- Excretory System: Kidney and skin structure/functions, urine formation, dialysis.- Respiratory System: Structure, functions, respiration, gaseous exchange, breathing mechanism, disorders.- Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, reflex arc, voluntary/involuntary actions, disorders.- Endocrine System: Location and functions of glands, hormones, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms.- Posture: Correct posture, postural defects (flat foot, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis), causes, prevention, correction.
Personal Health	Meaning and importance of physical health.Personal Hygiene: Promotion and maintenance, factors affecting health.Health Screening: Eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, presbyopia, squint), ear defects (conductive, neurosensory), skin disorders.Care: Eye, ear, skin, teeth, mouth, hands, hair and nails.Dental Health: Types of teeth, dental caries, gingivitis, prevention.
Community Health	Community Health Services: Definition, providers (orthodox & traditional), community efforts.School Health Programme: Definition, components (skill-based education, environment, feeding, nutrition, linkages: HPS, CFS, FRESH, LS, EFA).Family Health: Maternal and child health, family size, budgeting, ageing and death education, grief, causes of death.Epidemiology & Vital Statistics: Definitions, components (birth, mortality, morbidity rates), uses.
Environmental Health	Housing: Criteria (siting, ventilation, lighting, sanitation).Water Supply: Sources, purification, uses.Waste Disposal: Meaning, types (refuse, sewage), methods.Pollution: Meaning, types (air, water, soil, noise), sources, health effects.Industrial Health: Meaning, programmes, occupational hazards.Pests and Vectors: Meaning, habitats, harmful effects, control.
Nutrition and Food Nutrients	Nutrition: Classes, sources, functions, caloric values.Balanced Diet: Meaning, classification, nutritional problems, feeding habits.Water: Importance.Nutritional Processes: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, metabolism, defecation.Beverages: Meaning, types, effects.Diet for Groups: Children, adolescents, athletes, pregnant women, adults, aged.Food Hygiene & Preservation: Principles, effects of cooking on nutrients, preservation methods (smoking, drying, freezing, canning, etc.).
Safety Education and First Aid	First Aid: Meaning, aims, principles, contents of first aid kit.Emergency Conditions: Cuts, wounds, bleeding, fractures, burns, shock, asphyxia, poisoning.Agencies: Providers of first aid services.Disaster: Meaning, types, relief activities.Accident: Causes, prevention.Disability and Rehabilitation: Meaning, types, prevention.
Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco Education	Drug Education: Key terms (abuse, misuse, addiction, dependence, self-medication, rehabilitation).Drug Abuse: Classes of abused drugs, routes of intake (oral, injection, inhalation, topical, anal), effects, prevention.Behaviour-Altering Substances: Tobacco (components, effects), alcohol (effects), drugs (effects).Control Measures: Reasons and prevention of abuse, smoking, and drinking.
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases	Diseases: Meaning and classification.Communicable: Definition, types and examples:- Airborne: Common cold, measles, whooping cough, TB, meningitis.- Water/Food-borne: Dysentery, cholera, typhoid, schistosomiasis.- Insect-borne: Malaria, yellow fever, trypanosomiasis, filariasis.- Worms: Ascaris, Taenia, Hookworm, Guinea worm.- Animal-borne: Rabies, leptospirosis.- Contact: Gonorrhoea, syphilis, ringworm, leprosy, AIDS.Factors: Agent, host, transmission route.Non-Communicable: Deficiency diseases (scurvy, rickets, etc.); hereditary/growth-related diseases (cancer, diabetes, hypertension, mental illness, etc.).
Family Life and Human Sexuality Education	Human Reproduction: Key terms, reproductive organs, conception, foetal development, childbirth, disorders.Human Sexuality: Meaning, importance, life skills (assertiveness, negotiation, communication).Family and Roles: Meaning, types, size, challenges (widowhood, single parenthood, in-laws, infidelity).Agencies Promoting Healthy Family Living.Family Planning & Safe Motherhood: Meaning, need, methods, safe motherhood practices.Population Education: Meaning, census, small/large populations, problems.
Emotional and Social Health	Interrelationship: Between mental, emotional and social health.Personality: Definition, traits, problems and solutions.Mental Health: Meaning, promotion, types, prevention, importance.
Consumer Health Education	Consumer Products & Services: Laws protecting consumers, factors influencing choice (authenticity, cost, availability, advertisement).Consumer Healthcare: Quacks and quackery (meaning, types), health insurance, advertising of health products.Nostrums: Meaning, types, reasons for avoiding.

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November 7, 2025

WAEC Clerical Office Duties Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Clerical Office Duties Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers topics such as office organization, procedures, equipment, communication, filing, meetings, and report writing. Key topics include the definition and functions of an office, office layouts, communication types, and the specific tasks of a receptionist and secretary.

Aims and Objectives

Candidates Must understand the principles and procedures for performing clerical duties in an office
Candidates must apply the knowledge acquired on the uses of office equipment and materials and perform basic clerical office duties
Candidate Must communicate effectively
Candidates must explain basic personal and professional habits and attitudes necessary for the performance of office duties.

Examination Guidelines

There will be two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, which will constitute a composite paper and will be taken in a sitting.

PAPER 1:

This paper will consist of fifty compulsory multiple-choice objective questions to be answered within 50 minutes for 30 marks.

PAPER 2:

This paper will be made up of one compulsory case study carrying 22 marks and six other questions, out of which candidates will be required to answer any three for 16 marks each.

The case study will be based on office situations, and candidates will be required to show an understanding of the issues involved.

The paper will carry a total of 70 marks and will last 2 hours and 10 minutes.

Main Topic	Subtopics / Details
Definition of an Office	Meaning and nature of an office; functions and purpose.
Functions of an Office	– Receiving information- Recording information- Processing/Analysing information- Giving information- Storing information- Safeguarding/Protecting assets
Sections of an Office	– Reception- General Office- Stores- Mail Room/Registry
Departments	– Accounts- Purchasing- Sales- Personnel/Human Resource- Production- Legal- Administration- Transport
Office Personnel	– Office Manager- Office Supervisor- General Clerks- Accounts Clerks- Data Entry Clerks- Administrative Assistants- Secretaries (Company, Private, Stenographer)- Receptionist- Typist- Messenger
Professional Image of Office Staff	Personal & Business Attributes; Social habits, Personal Hygiene, Healthy Lifestyle, Time Management
Layout	– Open office- Closed office
Organisation	Principles: Unity of objectives, Span of control, Authority & Responsibility, Delegation, Unity of functions, Unity of command, Supervision, Remuneration, Accountability, Esprit de corpsStructures: Line, Line & Staff, Staff, Functional, MatrixOrganogram: Organisational chart representation
Business Transactions	Documents: Letter of enquiry, Quotation, Order, Invoice, Delivery Note, Debit/Credit Note, Statement, Cheque, Receipt, Purchase Requisition, etc.Payment Methods: Cash, Cheque, Standing order, Credit/Money transferPayroll Handling: Tax regimes (VAT, Income Tax, CST, Property Tax, Customs Duty), Petty Cash
Banking	Types of Banks; Types of Accounts (Savings, Current, Fixed Deposit); Cheques
Stock Procedure	Ordering of Stock; Duties of Storekeeper; Requisition; Stock Records (Annual, Periodic, Perpetual); Stock Control (Min/Max/Reorder levels); Stock Valuation (Cost, Average, Market, Lower)
Office Equipment/Machines	General: Computer, Photocopier, Duplicator, Typewriter, Calculator, Scanner, Fax, Cash Register, etc.Mail Room: Letter-opening, Addressing, Franking, Shredding machines; Scales; Scissors; Stapler; GuillotineICT: Use of computers and technology in office work
Communication	Meaning & Forms: Verbal (oral/written), Non-verbal, VisualChannels: Internal & externalBarriers: Organisational, Physical, Psychological, Socio-culturalCorrespondence: Letters, Circulars, Memos, Reports (various types)Mail Handling: Incoming/Outgoing mail, Registers, Postage & Messenger booksMeetings: Purpose, kinds, requirements, terminologies, and preparation of documents (Notice, Agenda, Minutes)
Business English	Proofreading, Office abbreviations, Spelling, Word division, Punctuation
Filing and Indexing	Classification Methods: Alphabetical, Numerical, Subject, Geographical, Chronological, Alpha-numericFiling Systems: Lateral, Suspension, Vertical, HorizontalRules for Filing, Indexing, Cross-referencing, Electronic filing, Central & Departmental filing
Reference Books & Sources of Information	Reference Books: Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Trade Journals, Post Office Guide, Telephone DirectoryGovernment Publications: Hansard, White Paper, Gazette, Financial Instructions, General OrdersSources: Personal documents (passport, tax clearance), Business information (exchange rates, stock listings, job bulletins)
Post Office Services	Postal: Stamps, Express mail, Registered mail, Airmail, Private mailboxCourier: EMS, DHL, FedExAgency: Remittance, Postal order, Money transfer
Human Relations	Internal & external relations, Public relations, Interpersonal skills
Health, Safety and Welfare in the Office	Health hazards, Accidents, Staff welfare programs
Pre-employment Procedures	Job Advertisement, Application letter & CV, The Interview
Entrepreneurship and Small-Scale Business	Meaning & characteristics of an entrepreneur; Features of small-scale business; Importance in society

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November 7, 2025

Month: November 2025

Office Practice Examination Guides

PAPER 1:

PAPER 2:

WAEC Office Practice Syllabus 2026/2027

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Paper 1:

Paper 2:

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PAPER 1:

PAPER 2:

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