The WAEC Block Laying, Brick Laying & Concrete Works Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks covers safety, tools, site preparation, materials, and construction principles. It includes topics like site clearing, setting out, materials (sand, cement, water), concrete mixing and application, and formwork for beams, columns, slabs, and staircases. The syllabus requires students to demonstrate knowledge and skills through both theoretical papers and practical tests.
Examination Guidelines
Paper 1: Will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions all of which are to be answered in 45 minutes for 40 marks.
Paper 2: This Will consist of five short-structured questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four in 1 hour for 60 marks.
Paper 3: It will be a practical test of 3 hours duration for 100 marks. It will be a workpiece involving laying of a total number of blocks not exceeding 30 and where the workpiece is made of bricks only, the total number of bricks shall not exceed 100.
Where the workpiece to be laid is a combination of bricks and blocks, this will not contain more than 20 blocks and 40 bricks. (i.e. in composite walling).
WAEC Block Laying, Brick Laying & Concrete Works Syllabus 2026/2027
S/No.
Contents
Notes
1
Workshop and Site Safety
(i) Various safety rules at work site.(ii) First aids.(iii) Purpose of safety.(iv) Safety regulations (scaffolding, electrical installations, etc).(v) Protective wears.
2
Basic Tools and Equipment
(i) Identification of basic hand tools for blocklaying, bricklaying and concreting including site preparation and levelling tools, finishing tools.(ii) Sketching of basic hand tools.(iii) Uses of basic hand tools and equipment.(iv) Simple maintenance of basic tools and equipment.
3
Site Preparations and Setting-Out
(i) Tools and equipment used for site preparation.(ii) Clearing of building site.(iii) Methods of setting out.(iv) Setting out tools and materials.
4
Manufacture, Application and Properties of Blocks and Bricks
(i) Manufacturing processes of blocks and bricks.(ii) Types of bricks and blocks.(iii) Materials used for blocks and bricks (sand, lime, cement, clay, laterite and water).
5
Concreting Materials
(i) Various constituents of concrete.(ii) Cement – Types of cement.(iii) Definition of fine and coarse aggregates and their differences.(iv) Storage of concrete materials.
6
Formwork for Construction Work
(i) Functions and functional requirements of formwork.(ii) Materials used for formwork.(iii) Advantages of steel and timber formworks.(iv) Construction of formworks for concrete floorslabs, beams, columns, arches, lintels and staircases.(v) Erection and striking of formworks.
7
Concreting Operations
(i) Mix proportions (cement-aggregate ratio; water-cement ratio).(ii) Stages in concreting (batching, mixing, transporting, placing, curing).(iii) Methods of transporting wet concrete.(iv) Testing of concrete.(v) Properties of concrete.(vi) Methods of making construction joints in concrete elements (beams, columns, concrete roofs and slabs).(vii) Need for concrete reinforcement.(viii) Methods of reinforcing concrete elements.(ix) Types of steel reinforcement bars.(x) Casting and curing of concrete structures (in-situ and precast concrete).
8
Basic Principles of Substructure Construction Work Including Ground Floors
(i) Types of soil.(ii) Definitions of site and soil investigation.(iii) Definition of bearing capacity of soil.(iv) Definition of foundation, types and uses.(v) Definitions of ground floors, types, uses and construction.(vi) Materials for D.P.C. and D.P.M.(vii) Differences between D.P.C. and D.P.M.(viii) Methods of placing and positioning D.P.C. in walls.
9
Upper Floors
(i) Functions and types of floors.(ii) Methods of floor construction.(iii) Types of flooring and their applications.
10
Walls
(i) Functions and types of walls.(ii) Walling materials.(iii) Common bonds in brick/block walls.(iv) Mortar (types, mixing methods and ratios).(v) Differences between pointing and jointing.(vi) Types of pointing and jointing.
11
Openings in Walls
(i) Functions and types of openings.(ii) Materials used for lintels, beams, and arches.(iii) Windows and doors – functions and types; materials; methods of fixing.(iv) Ironmongery for doors and windows.
12
Stairs Construction
(i) Types of stairs.(ii) Construction of a straight flight stair.
13
Scaffold and Scaffolding
(i) Types of scaffolds.(ii) Scaffold components.(iii) Hoisting equipment.(iv) Safety regulation.
14
Finishes
(i) Types of finishes.(ii) Types of finishing materials.(iii) Characteristics of finishing materials.(iv) Uses of finishing materials.(v) Care and maintenance of finishes.
15
Construction of Drainage System
(i) Principles of good drainage system.(ii) Types of drainage system.(iii) Differences between a sewer and a drain.(iv) Simple sketches of septic tank, soakaway pit, inspection chamber, manhole and cesspool.(v) Surface drainage.(vi) Method of laying drain pipes to a specified gradient.
16
Kerbs
(i) Functions and types of kerbs.(ii) Materials used in production of kerbs.(iii) Methods of laying precast concrete kerbs.
17
Business Opportunities in Building
(i) Opportunities in building industry.(ii) Procedures for establishing businesses in the industry.(iii) Requirements for managing construction business.(iv) Estimating the cost of construction jobs.(v) Principles and techniques of book-keeping.
The WAEC Basketry Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: covers both theoretical and practical aspects of the craft, including the history, socio-cultural significance, and entrepreneurship related to basket making. Key areas include the elements and principles of design, a wide range of techniques like coiling, plaiting, and weaving, preparation and care of materials, and the finishing of articles like baskets, hats, and mats. The exam consists of theory papers and a practical project.
Aims & Objective
Candidates Must understand knowledge and understanding of the historical developments and socio-economic importance of basketry
Candidates must understand the creative skills and manipulative skills in designing and production of various forms of basketry based on societal and cultural needs
Candidates must understand the creative and manipulative skills in designing and production of various forms of basketry by employing the traditions and cultures of the society
Candidates must have kknowledge of how to plan and establish a sustainable small-scale industry
Candidates must have knowledge of appreciation and evaluation of basketry
WAEC Examination Guidelines 2026/2027
There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2, and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.
PAPER 1: Will consist of forty multiple choice objective questions, all of which must be answered within 50 minutes for 40 marks.
PAPER 2: Will consist of six essay-type questions. Candidates will be required to answer four questions within 2 hours for 60 marks.
PAPER 3: Will be two practical projects, out of which candidates will execute one within five days, working for six hours each of the days. The paper will carry 80 marks.
The question papers will be sent to the candidates two weeks before the execution period for candidates to study. Designing sketches and preparatory notes should also be done within two weeks prior to the execution of the project. These will carry 20 marks. The total mark for the paper is, therefore, 100.
The course in Basketry includes a study of the historical development and socio-cultural and economic significance of basketry as an art and vocation. Basketry also covers the preparation, care and use of materials and various techniques for designing and making of articles of functional and aesthetic values to satisfy identified needs. Candidates also are expected to have acquired and applied knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship.
WAEC Basketry Syllabus 2026/2027
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
MEANING AND SCOPE OF BASKETRY
– Meaning: Basketry is the craft of making items by weaving or interlacing flexible materials. – Scope/Areas Covered: Coiled work, woven articles, frameworks, macramé, etc. – Articles Made: Baskets, hats, mats, nets, couches, footwear, cots, etc. – Techniques Used: Weaving, plaiting, coiling, stitching, knotting, and construction. – Combination of Materials: Use of cowries, gourds, beads, and similar materials to create rattles, macramé, etc.
RATIONALE FOR STUDYING BASKETRY
– Encourages creative use of new and local materials for articles of cultural, functional, and aesthetic value. – Promotes skills acquisition for employment and further studies. – Supports tourism and cultural heritage promotion.
HISTORY, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
– History: Origin and evolution of basketry. – Social Importance: Basketry as a medium of social expression and entertainment. – Cultural Importance: Role in festivals, traditions, and identity. – Economic Importance: Contributions to agriculture, trade, and commerce.
PLACES, PEOPLE AND BASKETRY
– Contributions of notable people and localities to the development of basketry traditions and techniques.
COMPETENCIES AND ATTITUDES
– Development of knowledge, creative thinking, skills, and values for employment (e.g. weaving, designing). – Promotion of tolerance, diligence, honesty, and commitment. – Enhancement of communication skills and time management.
PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
– Skills and Techniques: Drying, wetting, softening, and treating materials. – Storage and Care: Chemical and non-chemical preservation. – Sustainability: Conservation of raw material sources (ecology, preventing bush burning). – Understanding Material Characteristics: Discovering material qualities and appropriate uses.
TOOLS AND THEIR USES
– Categories: Cutting, weaving, shaping, measuring, and finishing tools. – Description and Uses: Drawing and labeling of tools. – Improvisation: Creating alternative tools using available resources. – Care and Maintenance: Cleaning, sharpening, and proper storage. – Safety Precautions: Safe handling and use of tools.
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
– Identification: Recognizing design elements such as dot, line, shape, form, color, and texture. – Creation: Using weaving, knotting, coiling, and waling to express design elements. – Color Theory: 12-point color wheel, Ghanaian color concept, and symbolism.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
– Identification: Unity, balance, proportion, repetition, contrast, and rhythm in design. – Application: Using spraying, scorching, weaving, and other techniques to demonstrate principles of design.
BASIC DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY
– Definition of Design: The process of conceiving and planning functional or aesthetic objects. – Idea Creation: Drawing from memory, imagination, and observation. – Use of Tools and Materials: Applying proper techniques and resources.
DESIGNING ARTICLES TO SUIT SPECIFIC NEEDS
– Design Process: Creating by hand or computer. – Techniques: Weaving, knotting, plaiting, coiling, stitching, framing, etc. – Evaluation Criteria: Use of appropriate materials, color, technique, and finishing quality.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BASKETRY
– Strategies: Re-afforestation, waste management, eco-friendly material sourcing. – Challenges: Competition with plastic products, limited raw materials. – Solutions: Formation of cooperatives, innovation, and maintaining competitiveness.
DECORATION AND FINISHING
– Definition of Decoration: Enhancing the surface or appearance of an article. – Definition of Finishing: The final process that improves durability and appearance. – Decoration Techniques: Use of colored/uncolored weavers, weave variations, scorching, spraying, and adding complementary objects. – Finishing Techniques: Wrapping, binding, singeing, trimming, tying, lashing, bending, gluing, sanding, varnishing, lacquering, embroidering, sealing, and bordering.
ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS IN PRACTICE
– Portfolio Development: Prints, photos, videos (CDs/DVDs) of finished works.
BUSINESS PLAN
– Meaning: A detailed written plan outlining business goals and strategies. – Purpose: To guide operations and attract investors. – Steps in Organization: Registration, securing capital, choosing location, obtaining materials and tools, conducting market surveys.
THE BUSINESS
– Capital Sources: Bank loans, cooperatives, personal savings. – Exhibition: Types – general and specialized.
– Definition: Preparing finished products for storage, sale, or transportation. – Functions: Protect products and enhance presentation. – Disadvantages of Poor Packaging: Damage, low appeal, and customer dissatisfaction. – Types of Packaging: Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging.
COSTING AND PRICING
– Definition: Determining the total production cost and setting selling prices. – Types of Cost: Variable cost (materials, labor) and fixed cost (rent, equipment). – Importance: Ensures profitability and business sustainability.
The WAEC Auto Parts Merchandising Syllabus 2026/2027 Textbooks cover key aspects of the auto parts trade, including how to effectively display and sell products, manage inventory, and provide customer service. The syllabus includes topics like auto parts identification, sales techniques, merchandising strategies, and stock management.
WAEC Auto Parts Merchandising Examination Guides
There will be two papers, Paper 1 and 2, both of which will be composite papers to be taken in a sitting.
PAPER 1: Will consist of forty multiple choice questions, all of which must be taken in 50 minutes for 40 marks.
PAPER 2: Will consist of two sections, Sections A and B. Both sections will last for 2 hours and carry 100 marks.
Section A: Will consist of three questions, including a compulsory one and drawn on the technical part of the syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer two questions, including the compulsory one. The section will carry 40 marks.
Section B: This will consist of four questions based on the merchandising part of the syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer three of the questions for 60 marks.
WAEC Auto Parts Merchandising Syllabus 2026/2027
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
SAFETY IN AUTO PARTS MERCHANDISING SHOP
– Definition of safety. – Safety clothing and protective gear: helmet, goggles, hand gloves, nose mask, foot boots, overall dress. – Fire extinguishers: types and uses. – Causes and prevention of accidents in an auto parts shop.
ENGINE PARTS
– Identification of engine parts: piston, piston rings, connecting rod, camshaft, crankshaft, valves, cylinder head, oil pump. – Sketching of listed engine parts. – Location and functions of each engine part.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (CLUTCH)
– Identification of clutch parts: flywheel, clutch plate, pressure plate assembly, release bearing. – Functions of clutch parts.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (GEARBOX)
– Types of gearbox: manual (3-speed, 4-speed, 5-speed) and automatic transmission. – Functions of gearbox and its importance in power transmission.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (PROPELLER SHAFT AND REAR AXLE ASSEMBLY)
– Types of propeller shafts and universal/sliding joints. – Functions of transmission system parts. – Identification of parts of the rear axle assembly.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
– Types of suspension systems: normal beam and independent suspension. – Parts: damper, coil springs, torsion bar, leaf spring. – Functions of suspension system parts.
COOLING SYSTEM
– Types of cooling systems: water cooling and air cooling. – Functions of the cooling system. – Parts: radiator, fan blade, fan belt, water pump, water hose, thermostat.
STEERING SYSTEM
– Types: manual and power-assisted steering. – Parts: steering gearbox, steering wheel, steering shaft, tie-rod. – Functions of steering parts.
BRAKING SYSTEM
– Types: disc brake and drum brake. – Parts: master cylinder, wheel cylinder, connecting pipe, brake pads, brake shoes/lining. – Functions of braking system parts.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
– Parts: oil tank/sump, oil filter, oil cooler, oil seal, pressure switch, oil pump (types). – Types of lubricants: oil and grease. – Types of oil: SAE 40, SAE 60, SAE 30/20W. – Quality and proper use of oil and grease.
ELECTRICAL PARTS
– Components: battery, fuse, electrical control unit (ECU/brain box), alternator, ignition coil, bulb, cut-out relay. – Identification of components. – Functions of each electrical component.
TOOL, TEST EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
WHEELS AND TYRES
– Types of Wheels: Spoke wheel, Alloy wheel, Pressed steel wheel. – Types of Tyres: Tube type and Tubeless tyres. – Size of Wheel and Tyre: Understanding rim diameter, tyre width, and aspect ratio. – Functions of Wheels and Tyres: Support vehicle load, provide traction, absorb shocks, and assist steering and braking.
TYPES OF TOOLS AND THEIR USES
– General Tools: Spanner, Hammer, Mallet, Allen key, Screwdriver, and Pliers — used for general servicing and repairs. – Special Tools: Extractors, Pullers, Sledgehammers, Lifters — used for specific or heavy-duty tasks. – Differences: General tools are multipurpose and commonly used; special tools are designed for specific mechanical operations.
CARE OF TOOLS
– Methods of Tool Care: Regular greasing, cleaning, proper storage and packing. – Effects of Improper Tool Care: Tool rusting, reduced efficiency, damage, and safety hazards.
TEST EQUIPMENT
– Types of Test Equipment: Spark plug cleaner, Engine analyzer, Dwell angle tester, Exhaust gas analyzer, Vacuum tester. – Functions: Used for diagnosing, measuring, and evaluating engine performance and emission levels.
MAINTENANCE OF TEST EQUIPMENT
– Operational Knowledge: Proper starting and stopping procedures. – Use of Manufacturer’s Manual: Understanding correct handling, calibration, troubleshooting, and safety precautions. – Importance: Ensures equipment accuracy,
STORAGE, CATALOGING AND VISUAL PRESENTATION
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
STORAGE
– Definition: Explanation of storage as the process of keeping auto parts in a safe, organized condition until needed. – Process and Ways of Storing Parts: Use of shelves, racks, bins, containers, labeling, and proper arrangement. – Reasons for Proper Storage: To prevent damage, deterioration, misplacement, and ensure quick retrieval.
CATALOGUING
– Definition: Systematic listing and classification of auto parts. – Functions: Easy identification, tracking, and ordering of parts. – Process of Locating Auto Parts Using a Catalogue: Using manufacturer’s reference numbers, part names, models, and diagrams.
RE-ORDER QUANTITY
– Meaning: The specific stock level at which a new order must be placed to avoid stockouts. – Importance/Advantages: Ensures consistent supply, avoids excess or shortage. – Process of Re-ordering Auto Parts/Stock: Monitoring inventory levels, recording daily stock movement, and placing timely re-orders. – Principles of Maintaining Stock Level: Balancing stock availability with cost efficiency. – Calculations: Re-order level, FIFO (First In, First Out), and LIFO (Last In, First Out) methods.
VISUAL PRESENTATION
– Methods of Item Presentation/Grouping: Arranging parts by brand, manufacturer, model, or function. – Advantages: Enhances display appeal, simplifies identification, boosts customer satisfaction, and improves sales.
INVENTORY
– Definition: The complete record or list of goods and materials held in stock. – Types: Daily, Periodic, and Annual inventory. – Procedure for Inventory Taking: Use of bin cards, physical counts, and record reconciliation.
PRODUCT SOURCING
– Definition: The process of finding reliable suppliers or manufacturers for auto parts. – Ways of Sourcing Products: Direct from manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, or importation. – Importance: Ensures quality products, competitive pricing, and reliable supply chain.
SALES
– Definition: The act of exchanging goods for money or other consideration. – Types: Cash sales and Credit/Deferred sales. – Methods of Selling: Personal selling, door-to-door, trade fairs, open markets, and unit shops. – Sales Calls: Explanation and procedure — preparation, presentation, persuasion, and closing.
INVOICING
– Meaning: Preparation of a detailed bill for goods sold or services rendered. – Content: Seller and buyer details, date, invoice number, description of goods, quantity, price, total amount, and payment terms. – Uses/Importance: Serves as a sales record, proof of transaction, and basis for accounting.
FORECASTING
– Definition: The process of estimating future sales, demand, or trends. – Needs/Reasons: To plan inventory, budget, and manpower effectively. – Advantages: Reduces waste, improves decision-making, and ensures business readiness.
RECORD KEEPING
– Types of Records: Sales journal, purchases journal, sales ledger, purchase ledger, invoices, receipts, cash book. – Process: Recording transactions promptly and accurately in relevant books. – Uses: For auditing, financial planning, accountability, and business evaluation.
FUND RAISING (SOURCE OF FINANCE)
– Definition: Process of obtaining financial resources to support business operations. – Types of Funds: Short-term, medium-term, and long-term funds. – Sources/Ways of Raising Funds: Personal savings, bank loans, government grants, investors, cooperatives, and partnerships. – Procedure: Planning, application, approval, disbursement, and repayment.
MARKET ANALYSIS
– Definition of Market: A place or system where buyers and sellers interact. – Market Analysis: Study of market trends, competition, and customer behavior. – Market Segment: A specific group of customers within a market. – Market Segmentation: Dividing the market based on age, income, location, or preferences. – Procedure and Basis: Identify target market, analyze needs, and create tailored strategies.
VALUE PRICING
– Definition: Setting prices based on perceived customer value rather than production cost. – Types: Penetration pricing, premium pricing, competitive pricing. – Application: Used to attract customers, position brands, and maximize profits.
ADVERTISING
– Definition: Promotion of goods and services to attract potential customers. – Types: Print, broadcast, digital, outdoor, and direct advertising. – Media: Radio, TV, newspapers, social media, billboards. – Advantages: Increases sales, builds brand awareness, and informs customers.
CUSTOMER SERVICE
– Meaning: Assistance and support provided to customers before, during, and after purchase. – Types: Pre-sale service, after-sale service, technical support, complaint handling. – Importance/Advantages: Builds loyalty, enhances reputation, and improves customer satisfaction. – Handling Customer Complaints: Listen, empathize, resolve issues promptly, and follow up.
WARRANTY/ GUARANTY AND REGULATORY BODIES
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
WARRANTY / GUARANTY
– Meaning: A warranty or guaranty is a formal assurance given by a manufacturer or seller that a product will meet specified quality standards or be repaired/replaced within a set period if found defective. – Importance: ▪ Protects consumers from defective products. ▪ Builds customer trust and satisfaction. ▪ Encourages manufacturers to maintain product quality. ▪ Provides legal backing for claims and replacements. – Procedure for Claiming Warranty/Guaranty Rights: ▪ Present proof of purchase (receipt/invoice). ▪ Contact the authorized dealer or service center. ▪ Provide details of the defect or issue. ▪ Follow inspection and approval process before repair or replacement. – Process Leading to Loss of Warranty Rights: ▪ Unauthorized repairs or modifications. ▪ Misuse, negligence, or accident damage. ▪ Expiry of warranty period. ▪ Use of non-genuine parts or accessories.
REGULATORY BODIES
– Reason for Regulation: ▪ To ensure products meet safety and quality standards. ▪ To protect consumers and promote fair business practices. ▪ To prevent sale of substandard or counterfeit auto parts. – Quality Control (Definition and Types): ▪ Definition: The process of maintaining and improving product standards through testing and inspection. ▪ Types: Preventive quality control (before production) and corrective quality control (after production). – Ways to Improve Quality: ▪ Regular inspection and testing. ▪ Use of quality materials. ▪ Staff training and adherence to standards. ▪ Feedback and continuous improvement. – Examples of Regulatory Bodies: ▪ Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) – Ensures product standardization and certification. ▪ Consumer Protection Board (CPB) – Safeguards consumer rights and handles complaints. ▪ Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE) – Develops engineering standards and promotes automotive safety. – Functions of Regulatory Bodies: ▪ Establish and enforce standards. ▪ Certify products and manufacturers. ▪ Conduct market surveillance. ▪ Educate consumers and manufacturers. ▪ Penalize non-compliance and regulate product imports
WAEC Auto Parts Merchandising Textbooks 2026/2027
Technology For Motor Vehicle Mechanics, Parts 1, 2 &3. By Mudd, S.C.
Motor Vehicle Technology and Practical Work. By Dolan, D. A.
The WAEC Auto Mechanical Work Syllabus 2026/2027 Textbooks: cover areas like basic mechanics, electrical systems, engine principles, and vehicle maintenance. To prepare, students should look for textbooks that align with the practical and theoretical topics typically found in automotive technology curricula, such as those focusing on engine repair, vehicle dynamics, and electrical troubleshooting.
Aims and Objectives
Candidates must understand the concepts in automotive Mechanical work
Candidates must use tools and equipment to carry out maintenance and repair on motor vehicles
Candidates must understand the safety practices and observe them in the work environment.
Examination Guidelines 2026/2027
The examination will consist of three papers — Papers 1, 2, and 3 — all of which are compulsory. Papers 1 and 2 will be taken together in a single sitting.
Paper 1 will contain forty multiple-choice objective questions, to be answered within 45 minutes for a total of 40 marks.
Paper 2 will comprise six short-structured questions, out of which candidates are required to answer any four within one hour. This paper will carry 60 marks.
Paper 3 will be a practical test lasting two hours, consisting of three skill-based questions, from which candidates will answer two for 90 marks. A list of required materials will be provided to schools at least two weeks before the test to allow for adequate preparation and procurement of materials.
In cases where the necessary materials for the practical test cannot be obtained, an Alternative to Practical Test may be conducted. This alternative will assess the candidate’s theoretical understanding of practical skills through two compulsory essay questions, to be answered in two hours for 100 marks.
Additionally, candidates are required to undergo an Industrial Attachment during the long vacation between SS II and SS III. This attachment will be supervised and assessed by subject teachers and will carry 10 marks toward the final assessment.
WAEC Auto Mechanical Work Syllabus 2026/2027
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
WORKSHOP SAFETY AND REGULATIONS
– Definition of safety and regulation. – Causes of workshop accidents. – Accident prevention techniques and safety devices (e.g. sand buckets, fire extinguishers, first aid kits, safety signs).
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
– Types and uses of tools: marking, measuring, holding, and cutting tools. – Types and uses of equipment: hand valves, grinders, machine tools, etc. – Maintenance of tools and equipment.
VEHICLE LAYOUT
– Types of motor vehicle chassis. – Principal components, identification and functions (engine, transmission system, chassis, etc.). – Chassis maintenance.
AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
– Types of engine design. – Identification of main components of an engine. – Line diagram of a multi-cylinder engine. – Types of cylinder liners. – Two-stroke and four-stroke cycles (spark ignition and compression ignition engines). – Advantages of four-stroke over two-stroke cycle engines. – Engine maintenance and servicing.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
– Transmission system layout. – Types of drives. – Components of transmission systems (clutches, gearboxes, propeller shaft, differential, etc.). – Operation of a simple plate clutch. – Types and operation of the gearbox. – Introduction to automatic transmission systems. – Conventional layout of the transmission system.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
– Types and functions of suspension systems. – Fault finding, maintenance, and repair of the suspension system.
STEERING SYSTEM
– Components and functions of the steering system. – Types of steering gearboxes. – Manual steering faults and repairs. – Operation of power-assisted steering. – Steering geometry (camber, caster, toe-in, toe-out, etc.).
ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
– Purpose and types of lubrication systems. – Friction and its disadvantages. – Components of the lubrication system. – Quality and viscosity of lubricants. – Oil additives and their importance.
COOLING SYSTEM
– Function and types of cooling systems. – Components of water and air cooling systems. – Comparison of air and water cooling systems.
FUELS AND COMBUSTION
– Fuel component system. – General layout and working principle of the fuel supply system. – Components and functions of the fuel system. – Types of carburetors and fuel pumps and their maintenance. – Types and properties of fuels. – Comparison of mechanical and electrical fuel pumps.
MANIFOLD AND AIR CLEANER
– Types, functions, and maintenance of: ▪ Manifold ▪ Air cleaner ▪ Muffler
BRAKING SYSTEM
– Concept of friction and operating principles. – Types of braking systems. – Faults and maintenance of mechanical and hydraulic braking systems. – Functions, advantages, and disadvantages of the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). – Layout of the braking system.
WHEELS AND TYRES
– Types and functions of rims and tyres. – Vulcanizing process. – Regulations for tyre interchange and pressure. – Road wheel alignment and balancing.
WORKSHOP MANAGEMENT AND ENTERPRISE
– Basic concepts of management: planning, controlling, staffing, directing. – Managing resources effectively. – Concept of authority and responsibility in enterprise. – Types of enterprises. – Advantages and disadvantages of various types of enterprises in the automobile industry.
Materials & Equipment’s
Equipment : Qty RequiredToolbox with lock : 5Ball pein hammer : 5Hacksaws with extra blades : 10300 mm engineer’s rule, socket, and spanner set with ratchet and extension : 106-32mm ring and flat spanners (combined) : 5Ring spanners (6-32mm) : 5Emery cloth (standard) : 5Plug spanners : 5Flat spanners (6-32mm) : 5Allen keys : 5Feeler gauges : 5Oil cans : 5Grease guns : 5Spark plug cleaners : 5Combination pliers : 5Long nose pliers : 5Wire cutter : 5
Measuring toolsTyre pressure gauges : 5Vernier calliper : 5Surface gauges : 5Surface plates : 1Vee blocks : 6Micrometre screw gauge : 5Dial gauge indicator with magnetic stand : 2
Machine tools
Grinding machine with assorted wheels : 1
Bench grinder with wheels : 1
Valve grinding machine : 1
Joining Metals
Grinding machine with assorted wheels : 1
Bench grinder with wheels : 1
Valve grinding machine : 1
Lubrication Bay/Tyre and Wheel Service
Compressor (single phase motor driven type complete with spray gun, grease, hose) : 1
Wheel balancing machine (rim 13 – 15) : 1
Portable tyre inflator : 1
Master Vulcanizer : 1
Tyre changer complete with bead breaker : 1
Tyre repair kit comprising rasp, scissors, tyre knife, Sticher, wire brush, etc. : 2 sets
Service station set of the tool kit, plus special tools for removal of oil filter L : 2 sets
Pipe wrench, clamp/vice : 2 sets
Wheel alignment gauge : 1 set
Clutch alignment jig : 2
Injector test machine : 1
Pullers of different sizes : 2
Workbench with vices : 2
Portable engine hoist : 1
General/Servicing and Reconditioning
Bottle jack (hydraulic) light and heavy : 1
Used vehicle tyres : 1
Trolley jacks : 2
Timing light : 1
Inspection pits : 1
Compression gauge : 2
Valve spring compressor (clamp) : 2
Coil spring compressor (for suspension) : 2
Torque wrench pre-set type : 2
Torque wrench dial type : 2
Tools/Equipment
Piston ring compressor expander : 2
Axle stands : 5
Diagnostic testing machine (exhaust gas analyzer) : 1
Other utilities
Fire extinguisher : 5
Sand buckets : 5
Water buckets : 5
Complete engine, gearbox and final drive : 1
Workshop overalls : 25
Complete vehicle engine (petrol) (chart) : 1
Complete vehicle engine (diesel) (chart) : 1
Complete vehicle and chart : 1
WAEC Auto Mechanical Work Textbooks 2026/2027
Motor Vehicle Technology by J.A.DOLAN
Motor Vehicle Technology (Part 1,2,3 & 4) by S.C . MUDD
Automotive Mechanics by WILLIAM H.CROUSE and DONALD L. ANGLIN
Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology by V.A.W HILLIER and PETER COOMBES
Automotive Mechanics For Schools and Colleges by ABA .N.EJEMBI and STEPHEN DAVID
The WAEC Auto Body Repairs Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks is a comprehensive document, covering topics such as workshop safety, tools and equipment, materials, different types of metals, welding, body repair techniques (both minor and aluminum panel), plastic repairs, spray painting, and auto body workshop business management.
Textbooks on the subject, such as “Auto Body Repair Technology 5th Edition” by Macian, are helpful, but a definitive list of recommended textbooks for the 2026/2027 exam has not been published.
WAEC Auto Body Repairs 2026/2027examination Guidelines
There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be composite papers to be taken at one sitting.
Paper 1: will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, all of which are to be answered in 1 hour for 40 marks.
Paper 2: will consist of five essay questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four in 1½ hours for 60 marks.
Paper 3: will be a practical test of 3 hours and 10 minutes in duration. It will consist of one compulsory question for 100 marks.
A list of materials for the test shall be made available to schools not less than two weeks before the paper is taken for material procurement and relevant preparations.
WAEC Auto Body Repairs Syllabus 2026/2027
Main Topic
Subtopics / Content Details
SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS IN AUTO BODY REPAIRS AND SPRAY PAINTING
– Definition of safety rules and regulations in auto body repairs and spray painting. – List of rules and regulations and their importance. – List of safety tools, equipment, and machines for auto body repairs. – Auto body dressing code (PPE): nose mask, goggles, boots, ear defenders, gloves, coveralls, etc. – Sources of accidents (human factors, machinery/equipment, and workshop keeping) and their prevention. – Factory Acts on safety rules and regulations: 1984 Amended Resource Conservation Recovery Act, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulations, and Hazardous Waste Collection and Recycling (Solvent Recovery System).
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
– Basic hand tools: types and uses (hammers, dollies, spanners, files, ratchets, body spoons, etc.). – Power tools and equipment/machines: types and uses (drilling machine, body jack, sanders, air compressor, shaping machines, cutting machines, etc.). – Advantages and disadvantages of machines. – Uses of machines and safety precautions.
SPRAY PAINTING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
– Spray painting tools and equipment: scrapers, brushes, funnels, paint pots, spray guns, spray body filters, air compressors, ovens, spray booths, etc. – Care and maintenance of tools and equipment.
MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
– Definition of maintenance and its types: predictive, preventive, and corrective. – Manufacturer’s maintenance guide. – Maintenance of tools and equipment.
MATERIALS FOR AUTO BODY REPAIRS AND SPRAY PAINTING
– Auto-body repair materials. – Types of body fillers: plastic filler, fiberglass fillers, body solder (30/70 and 40/60). – Types of body abrasives: sandpapers (wet and dry), sanding discs. – Types of sealers: rubber sealers, seam sealers, undercoating. – Rivet pins: pop and solid rivets.
SPRAY PAINTING MATERIALS
– Types of paints: enamel paints and lacquers. – Undercoats: surface primer, putty/body filler, sealers. – Topcoats: lacquers and enamel paints. – Manufacturer’s paint guide: paint formula, mixing equipment, custom-mix base colours, paint labels, colour charts.
METALS USED IN AUTO BODY REPAIRS
– Types of metals: ferrous and non-ferrous (mild steel, cast iron, aluminium, brass, etc.). – Properties: fusibility, malleability, ductility, weldability, etc. – Uses of metals in auto bodies.
HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS
– Definition of heat treatment. – Types and processes: hardening, annealing, normalizing, case-hardening, tempering. – Importance of heat treatment.
OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING AND EQUIPMENT
– Definition of oxy-acetylene welding. – Safety precautions. – Oxy-acetylene welding equipment and gases (high- and low-pressure systems). – Installation of welding equipment. – Welding nozzles. – Welding defects (slag inclusion, porosity, crack, lack of penetration) and remedies.
AUTO BODY REPAIR WORK
– Minor auto body repairs. – Types of auto body: integral body, composite body. – Methods of straightening: aligning with power jack, sledgehammer, pre-bar, pull taps, heat shrinking. – Major auto body repairs. – Tools for minor repairs: hammers, dollies, spanners, screwdrivers, etc. – Major body sections: front engine compartment, passenger section, rear section. – Basic alignment principles, quarter panel cutting, lightweight panels, damaged vehicle alignment.
ALUMINIUM AND PLASTIC REPAIRS
– Aluminium panel repair steps and alignment. – Aluminium deck lid repair. – Plastic repairs: precautions, types of plastic resins (thermosetting and thermoplastic), repair by melting. – Introduction to glass fibre panel repair.
SPRAY PAINTING PROCESS
– Spray gun types: pressure feed, siphon, gravity guns. – Spray gun parts: air cap, fluid needle, air valve, trigger, body, cup, etc. – Precautions in use of spray guns. – Manufacturer’s maintenance guide. – Surface preparation for spray painting. – Types of paints used: cellulose, synthetic enamel, acrylic, metallic paints. – Importance of manufacturer’s paint code. – Special paints, variable agents (flakes, pigments), metallic paint and spray techniques (wet and dry).
AUTO BODY WORKSHOP BUSINESS
– Factors to consider in locating a workshop: capital, accessibility, land, etc. – List of tools and equipment for workshop operation.
WAEC Auto Body Repairs Textbooks 2026/2027
Fundamentals of vehicle bodywork by J. Fairbrother.
Practical welding (The motivate series Mac-Milan texts for Industrial Vocational and Technical Education) by S. Gibson.
Fundamentals of motor vehicle technology, chassis and body electronics (5th Edition) Book 1, 2, and 3 by Hilliers V. A. W. and David R. Rogers.
Bodywork Maintenance and repair, including interiors, by Paul Browne.
The WAEC Basic Electricity/Applied Electricity syllabus 2026/2027 will cover fundamental concepts, practical skills, and safety procedures, including direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) circuits, electromagnetism, electrical machines, and power supplies.
The exam is structured into three papers: a multiple-choice paper (Paper 1), a theory paper (Paper 2), and a practical paper (Paper 3). The syllabus is designed to test a candidate’s knowledge of electrical principles, their ability to use tools for maintenance and repair, and their understanding of safe working practices in both domestic and industrial settings
Aims and Objectives
Candidates must have the knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts and principles of Basic Electricity/Applied Electricity
Candidates must develop the ability to use tools and equipment in the maintenance and repair of electrical/electronic devices
Perfect understanding of the principle of operation and the application of simple electrical/electronic devices
Candidates must have understanding of safe working procedures and safety precautions in domestic and industrial installations
Structure of Matter Resistors Conductors and Insulators Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws Power and Energy
MAGNETIC FIELD AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
Fundamentals of Magnetism Concept of Electric Field Capacitors Electromagnetic Field Self and Mutual Induction
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Moving-coil Instrument Moving-iron Instrument Digital Instrument
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Binary Number Logic Gates
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT THEORY
Generation of e.m.f. in a Single-turn Coil A.C. Quantities RLC Circuits
TRANSFORMERS
Types of Transformer Principles of Operation of a Transformer Losses and Temperature Rise in Transformers Efficiency of Transformers Cooling of Transformers
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply Units Rectification
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
A.C. Motors (Single Phase) Alternators A.C. Motors (Three Phase) D.C. Generators D.C. Motors
ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLY
Generating Station
ELECTRICAL WIRING
Electrical Installation Wiring Protection Earthing Maintenance, Fault Diagnosis and Repairs Testing of an Installation General Workshop Safety
SECTION B (For Candidates in Ghana only)
ELECTRON EMISSION: Electron Emission, Thermionic Emission, Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) SEMICONDUCTOR: Theory, Diode, Transistor COMMUNICATION: Electromagnetic Waves, Modulation, Amplifiers, Operational Amplifiers
SECTION C (For Candidates in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and The Gambia)
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION: Transmission, Transmission of Electricity MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF VARIOUS ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES: Maintenance, Maintenance and Repair of Electrical Appliances
The WAEC Civic Education Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: covers topics like citizenship, rights and duties, human rights, the structure of government, democracy, and emerging societal issues. Key textbooks include “Basic Civic Education for Senior Secondary Schools” by Ukegbu and “Elements of Politics” by Anifowose and others.
Civic Education is one of the four compulsory subjects for every candidate sitting for the WAEC examination. It focuses on topics that promote good citizenship, understanding of governance, human rights and responsibilities, civic participation, and awareness of social issues.
The subject helps students develop the knowledge and values needed to contribute positively to national development and participate effectively in democratic processes.
The Civic Education exam consists of two papers—Paper 1 and Paper 2—which are written together as a composite paper. Paper 1 is a one-hour multiple-choice test made up of fifty questions drawn from the entire syllabus, carrying a total of 40 marks.
Paper 2 is a two-hour essay paper divided into three sections: A, B, and C. Each section contains three questions, and candidates must answer four questions in total, ensuring they select at least one question from each section. This paper carries 60 marks.
The three sections of Paper 2 cover key areas of the syllabus. Section A focuses on national ethics, discipline, rights, and obligations.
Section B addresses emerging issues in society, such as social problems and global concerns. Section C examines governmental systems and processes, helping students understand how government functions and how citizens can engage with it.
WAEC Civic Education Syllabus 2026/2027
WAEC SYLLABUS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION
SN
TOPICS
OBJECTIVES
THEME
1
Values
1) Definition, 2) Types, 3) Importance of values to the society.
2
Citizenship and Nationalism
1) meaning of citizenship; 2) meaning of citizenship education; 3) goals of citizenship education; 4) duties and obligations of citizens; 5) meaning of nationalism; 6) ways of promoting national consciousness, integrity and unity in the society; 7) the nationalistic roles of individual and groups; 8) identification of local and world civic problems.
3
Human Rights
1) meaning of human rights; 2) categories of human rights; 3) characteristics of human rights; 4) meaning and historical background of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); 5) meaning and identification of the seven core freedoms of UDHR; 6) importance of UDHR; 7) roles of individual, groups and government in UDHR; 8) limitations to the exercise of human rights.
4
Law and Order
1) definition of Law and Order; 2) features of Law and Order; 3) importance of Law and Order in the society; 4) meaning of constituted authority; 5) types of constituted authority; 6) importance and roles of constituted authority.
5
Responsible Parenthood
1) meaning of responsible parenthood; 2) roles of responsible parents; 3) importance of responsible parenthood in national development.
6
Traffic Regulations
1) meaning of traffic regulations; 2) traffic regulation and its importance in the society; 3) the roles of the individual and government in maintaining traffic regulations.
7
Inter- Personal Relationships
1) meaning of inter-personal relationships; 2) types of interpersonal relationships; 3) skills that promotes interpersonal relationships; 4) meaning of inter communal relationships; 5) importance of inter communal relationships; 6) meaning of inter-communal conflicts. 7) skills for resolving inter-communal conflicts.
8
Cultism
1) meaning and origin of cultism; 2) different cult groups in Nigeria and their symbols; 3) reasons for cultism; 4) consequences of cultism; 5) ways of preventing cultism in the society.
9
Drugs and Drug Abuse
1) meaning of drug abuse; 2) drugs that can be abused; 3) how drugs are abused; 4) symptoms of drug abuse; 5) behaviours of drug addicts; 6) ways of preventing drug abuse; 7) government agencies working to prevent drug abuse/trafficking and their activities; 8) laws against drug abuse.
10
Human Trafficking
1) meaning of human trafficking; 2) causes of human trafficking; 3) effects and consequences of human trafficking; 4) efforts of government and individuals in stopping human trafficking.
11
Hiv/Aids
1) meaning of HIV/AIDS; 2) causes of HIV/AIDS; 3) symptoms and effects of HIV/AIDS; 4) prevention of HIV/AIDS; 5) stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS.
12
Youth Empowerment
1) meaning of youth empowerment; 2) youth empowerment skills; 3) importance and benefits of youth empowerment skills. 4) efforts of government towards youth empowerment.
13
Structure and Functions of Government
1) meaning of government; 2) structure/tiers of government; 3) functions of government.
14
Democracy, Rule of Law and National Development
1) meaning, types, and features of democracy; 2) importance of democracy; 3) pillars of democracy; 4) problems of democracy; 5) meaning of rule of law; 6) features of rule of law; 7) importance of rule of law; 8) problems of rule of law; 9) meaning of national development; 10) how democracy and Rule of law promote national development- good governance, employment creation and poverty alleviation etc.
15
Political Apathy
1) meaning of political apathy; 2) causes of political apathy; 3) consequences of political apathy; 4) why leaders fail to protect the interests of their followers; 5) how leaders can protect the interests of their followers; 6) ways of discouraging political apathy.
16
Civil Society and Popular Participation
1) meaning of popular participation; 2) types of popular participation; 3) the need for popular participation in the society; 4) traditional and modern modes of popular participation; 5) achieving popular participation in politics; 6) meaning of civil society; 7) functions / need for civil society; 8) qualities / characteristics of civil society; i.e. accountability, fairness, justice, equity etc. 9) problems of civil society; i.e. bribery and corruption, inadequate funding, over bearing influence of foreign donors etc.
17
Public Service in Democracy
1) meaning of public service; 2) functions of public service; 3) problems of public service; 4) reasons for the shortcomings in the public service; 5) ways of improving the public service.
WAEC Civic Education Textbooks 2026/2027
ADAMOLEKUN, L.Politics and Administration in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd, 1986.
ADEBAYO, A.Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd, 2000.
ANIFOWOSE, R. & F. ENEMUO (eds)Elements of Politics. Lagos: Sam Iroanusi Publications, 1999
APPADORAI A.The Substance of Politics, Eleventh Edition. Madras: Oxford University Press, 1975.
BANJI, K. Citizenship Education. Lagos: Dedun Educational Books, 1976.
FGN 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria as Amended. Abuja: Federal Government Press, 2011.
LEAP AFRICA. Rage for Change, a Guide for Young Nigerians who Desire to Make a Difference. Lagos: Leap Africa, 2008.
MENEKE, O.A. and NWEBO, I. Milestone Comprehensive Civic Education for Senior Secondary Schools, Books 1 & 2. Owerri: Milestone Publishers Limited, 2012.
The WAEC English Language Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks includes: comprehension, summary, and the correct use of English. The syllabus for Literature-in-English for 2026-2030 has also been released and includes specific textbooks for each part of literature, such as Shakespearean, African, and non-African prose, drama, and poetry.
For English Language, you will need to prepare for reading, comprehension, summary, vocabulary, and listening and speech components, while for Literature, you will need to study the selected textbooks from the 2026-2030 list we will publish below.
WAEC English Examination Guidelines 2026/2027
The exam consists of three papers — Papers 1, 2, and 3 — all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 form a composite paper that will be taken together.
Paper 1, for candidates in The Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, contains eighty multiple-choice questions divided equally between lexical (vocabulary) and structural (grammar) sections. Each question offers four options (A–D), and the paper is to be completed in one hour for a total of 40 marks.
Paper 2, taken by all candidates, includes five essay topics and comprehension and summary passages. Candidates are required to write one essay and answer all questions based on the passages. This paper tests both written expression and reading comprehension skills. It lasts for two hours and carries 100 marks.
Paper 3 focuses on oral English skills — it includes sixty multiple-choice questions testing pronunciation, stress, and intonation for candidates in Nigeria and Liberia, while those in The Gambia and Sierra Leone take a Listening Comprehension Test. This final paper lasts 45 minutes and is worth 30 marks.
WAEC English Language Syllabus 2026/2027
WAEC ENGLISH SYLLABUS
PAPER 1: (For candidates in The Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia only)
This is an objective/multiple choice paper comprising eighty questions: forty lexical and forty structural questions. Each question will have four options lettered A to D.
SN
TOPICS
OBJECTIVES
A
LEXIS
I.. (a) Building and Building Construction; (b) Agriculture; (c) Fishing; (d) Stock exchange; (e) Health; (f) Environment; (g) Culture, Institutions and Ceremonies; (h) Law and Order; (i) Motor Vehicles and Travelling; (j) Government and Administration; (k) Sports; (l) Religion; (m) Science and Technology; (n) Animal husbandry; (o) Advertising; (p) Human Internal Body system and function.
II. Idioms, i.e. idiomatic expressions and collocations (e.g. ‘hook, line and sinker’, ‘every Tom, Dick and Harry” etc.) the total meaning of which cannot be arrived at simply by consideration of the dictionary meanings of the words in the structures in which they appear.
III. Structural elements of English e.g. sequence of tenses, matching of pronouns with their antecedents, correct use of prepositions etc.
IV. Figurative Usage
B
STRUCTURE
Structure here includes:
(i) The patterns of changes in word-forms which indicate number, tense, degree, etc; (ii) The patterns in which different categories of words regularly combine to form groups and these groups in turn combine to form sentences; (iii) The use of structural words e.g. conjunctions, determiners, prepositions, etc.
PAPER 2: (For all candidates)
The paper will be divided into three sections: Sections A, B and C. Candidates will be required to spend 2 hours on this paper.
A
ESSAY WRITING
The topics will demand the following kinds of writing:
Marks will be awarded for: (i) Content: relevance of ideas to the topic; (ii) Organization: formal features (where applicable), good paragraphing, appropriate emphasis and arrangement of ideas; (iii) Expression: effective control of vocabulary and sentence structure; (iv) Mechanical Accuracy: correct grammar, punctuation, spelling etc.
The minimum length will be 450 words.
B
COMPREHENSION
The questions will test candidates’ ability to
(i) find appropriate equivalents for selected words or phrases; (ii) understand the factual content; (iii) make inferences from the content of the passage; (iv) understand the use of English expressions that reveal/reflect sentiments/emotions/attitudes; (v) identify and label basic grammatical structures, words, phrases or clauses and explain their functions as they appear in the context; (vi) identify and explain basic literary terms and expressions; (vii) recast phrases or sentences into grammatical alternatives.
The passage will be chosen from a wide variety of sources all of which should be suitable for this level of examination in terms of theme and interest. The passage will be written in modern English that should be within the experience of candidates. The comprehension test will include at least four questions based on (ii) above.
C
SUMMARY
Candidates will be required to spend 40 minutes on this section. The section will consist of one prose passage of about five hundred (500) words and will test candidates’ ability to
(i) extract relevant information; (ii) summarize the points demanded in clear concise English, avoiding repetition and redundancy; (iii) present a summary of specific aspects or portions of the passage.
The passage will be selected from a wide variety of suitable sources, including excerpts from narratives, dialogues and expositions of social, cultural, economic and political issues in any part of the world.
PAPER 3: Oral English
A
TEST OF ORALS
The test will also be of the multiple-choice objective type consisting of sixty questions on a wide range of areas or aspects of Orals as contained in the syllabus. The test will cover the following areas:
1. Vowels – pure vowels and diphthongs; 2. Consonants and clusters; 3. Rhymes; 4. Word stress/Syllable Structure; 5. Emphatic Stress/Intonation Patterns; 6. Phonetic Symbols
WAEC English Language Textbooks 2026/2027
Attah, M. O. (2013). Practice in Spoken English for Intermediate and Advanced Learners, Maiduguri: University of Maiduguri Press.
Bamgbose, A. (2002). English Lexis and Structure for Senior Secondary Schools and colleges (Revised Edition), Ibadan: Heinemann
Banjo, A. et al (2004). New Oxford Secondary English Course Book Six for Senior Secondary Schools, Ibadan: UP Plc.
Caesar, O. J. (2003). Essential Oral English for Schools and Colleges, Lagos: Tonad Publishers Limited
Daniel Jones (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Egbe, D. I (1996). Mastering English Usage and Communication Skills, Lagos: Tisons
Elugbe, B. (2000). Oral English for Schools and Colleges, Ibadan: Heinemann
Grant, N. J. H, Nnamonu, S. Jowitt, D. (1998). Senior English Project 3, (New Edition) Harlow: Longman
Idowu, O. O, Sogbesan, T. S, Adofo, A. K. Burgess, D. F and Burgess, L. J. (1998). Round-up English: A Complete Guide, Lagos: Longman
Idris, U. (2001). Oral English at Your Fingertips for Schools and Colleges, Lagos, M. Youngbrain Publishers
Igiligi, E. C. and Ogenyi, S. O. (2010) Grammar and Composition in the G.S.M. Age, Enugu: Joe Hills Production Services
Jauro, L. B. (2013). Oral English for Schools and Colleges: A teaching and Learning Approach, Yola: Paraclete Publishers.
Nnamonu, S. and Jowitt, D. (1989). Common Errors in English, Lagos: Longman
Obinna, M. F. (2001). University Matriculation Use of English,(Fourth Edition) Port Harcourt: Sunray Books Limited
Ogunsanwo, O. Duruaku, A. B.C, Ezechukwu, J and Nwachukwu, U. I (2005). Countdown English Language, (Revised Edition), Ibadan: Evans
Olatoye, S. (2006). The Silent Teacher, Ado-Ekiti: Segun and Sons Enterprises
Oluikpe, B. O. A, Nnaemeka, B. A, Obah, T. Y, Otagburuagu, E. J. Onuigbo, S. and Ogbonna, E. A. (1998). Intensive English for Senior Secondary School 3, Onitsha: Africana – FIRST Publisher.
Tomori, S. H. O (2000). Objective Tests for School Certificate English: Practice in Lexis, Structure and Idiom (Reprinted Edition), Ibadan: Heinemann
Ukwuegbu, C, Okoro, O., Idris, A. U., Okebukola, F. O. and Owokade, C. O. (2002). Catch-up English for SSCE/UME, Ibadan: Heinemann
The WAEC Further Mathematics Syllabus 2026/2027 is divided into three sections: Pure Mathematics, Statistics and Probability, and Vectors and Mechanics. It covers advanced topics beyond the General Mathematics curriculum.
Examination Guidelines
The WAEC Further Mathematics syllabus is designed for science and commercial students preparing for the upcoming examination. It provides a clear outline of the topics students need to focus on to achieve high grades such as an A or B.
Further Mathematics serves as a bridge between Elementary and Higher Mathematics, and the syllabus is intended to assess students’ understanding of advanced mathematical concepts, their ability to analyze data, and their skill in drawing valid conclusions.
To perform well, students are advised to thoroughly study the syllabus, practice with past questions, and engage in consistent daily revision.
The examination will consist of two compulsory papers: Paper 1 and Paper 2. Paper 1 contains forty multiple-choice questions covering the entire syllabus, to be completed in one hour for a total of 40 marks.
The distribution of questions is as follows: 30 questions from Pure Mathematics, 4 from Statistics and Probability, and 6 from Vectors and Mechanics.
Paper 2 is divided into two sections, A and B, and lasts two hours for 100 marks. Section A includes eight compulsory, elementary-type questions worth 48 marks, distributed as follows: 4 questions from Pure Mathematics, 2 from Statistics and Probability, and 2 from Vectors and Mechanics.
Section B contains seven more challenging, long-form questions divided into three parts — Pure Mathematics (3 questions), Statistics and Probability (2 questions), and Vectors and Mechanics (2 questions). Both papers together comprehensively test a student’s mastery of the subject and readiness for higher-level mathematics.
WAEC Further Mathematics Syllabus 2026/2027
WAEC Further Mathematics Syllabus
SN
TOPICS
OBJECTIVES
PAPER 1: PURE MATHEMATICS
1
SETS
(i) Idea of a set defined by a property, Set notations and their meanings.
(ii) Disjoint sets, Universal set and complement of set
(iii) Venn diagrams, Use of sets And Venn diagrams to solve problems.
(iv) Commutative and Associative laws, Distributive properties over union and intersection.
2
SURDS
Surds of the form a/√b , a√b and a+b√n where a is rational, b is a positive integer and n is not a perfect square.
3
BINARY OPERATION
Properties: Closure, Commutativity, Associativity and Distributivity, Identity elements and inverses.
4
LOGICAL REASONING
(i) Rule of syntax: true or false statements, rule of logic applied to arguments, implications and deductions.
(ii) The truth table
5
FUNCTIONS
(i) Domain and co-domain of a function.
(ii) One-to-one, onto, identity and constant mapping;
(iii) Inverse of a function.
(iv) Composite of functions
6
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
(i) Linear Functions, Equations and Inequality
(ii) Quadratic Functions, Equations and Inequalities
(iii) Cubic Functions and Equations
7
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
(i) Rational functions of the form
(ii) Resolution of rational functions into partial fractions.
8
INDICES AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
(i) Indices
(ii) Logarithms
9
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
(i) Simple cases of arrangements
(ii) Simple cases of selection of objects
10
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Expansion of (a + b)n . Use of (1+x)n ≈1+nx for any rational n, where x is sufficiently small
11
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
Expansion of (a + b)n . Use of (1+x)n ≈1+nx for any rational n, where x is sufficiently small
12
MATRICES AND LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
(i) Matrices
(ii) Determinants
(iii) Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrices
(iv) Linear Transformation
13
TRIGONOMETRY
(i) Trigonometric Ratios and Rules
(ii) Compound and Multiple Angles.
(iii) Trigonometric Functions and Equations
14
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
(i) Straight Lines
(ii) Conic Sections
15
DIFFERENTIATION
(i) The idea of a limit
(ii) The derivative of a function
(iii)Differentiation of polynomials
(iv) Differentiation of trigonometric Functions
(v) Product and quotient rules. Differentiation of implicit functions such as ax2 + by2 = c **
(vi) Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
(vii) Second order derivatives and Rates of change and small changes (∆x), Concept of Maxima and Minima
16
INTERGRATION
(i) Indefinite Integral
(ii) Definite Integral
(iii) Applications of the Definite Integral
PAPER II: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
17
STATISTICS
(i) Tabulation and Graphical representation of data
(ii) Measures of location (iii) Measures of Dispersion
(iv)Correlation
18
PROBABILITY
(i) Meaning of probability. (ii) Relative frequency.
(iii) Calculation of Probability using simple sample spaces.
(iv) Addition and multiplication of probabilities.
(v) Probability distributions.
PAPER III: VECTORS AND MECHANICS
19
VECTORS
(i) Definitions of scalar and vector Quantities.
(ii) Representation of Vectors.
(iii) Algebra of Vectors. (iv) Commutative, Associative and Distributive Properties.
(v) Unit vectors.
(vi) Position Vectors.
(vii) Resolution and Composition of Vectors. (viii) Scalar (dot) product and its application.
**(ix) Vector (cross) product and its application.
20
STATICS
(i) Definition of a force.
(ii) Representation of forces. (iii) Composition and resolution of coplanar forces acting at a point. (iv) Composition and resolution of general coplanar forces on rigid bodies.
(v) Equilibrium of Bodies.
(vi) Determination of Resultant.
(vii) Moments of forces.
(viii) Friction.
21
DYNAMICS
(i) The concepts of motion
(ii) Equations of Motion
(iii) The impulse and momentum equations:
**(iv) Projectiles.
WAEC Further Mathematics Textbooks 2026/2027
T.R Moses Spectrum New Further Further-mathematics (Scholastic Series).
Tuttuh Adegun M.R. et al Bounty Press LTD. New Further Further-mathematics Project. 1 – 3
The WAEC Geography Syllabus 2026/2027 covers key topics which includes: map reading and interpretation (scale, bearings, gradients), elementary surveying, physical and human geography (including climate, vegetation, population, and settlement), and regional geography of Nigeria. It is crucial to check the official JAMB brochure for the most accurate and up-to-date syllabus.
The syllabus outlines all topics for your exams, including physical and human geography, the environment, economic activities, and settlement. It guides you on what to know for each topic. Geography is essential for courses such as Geography, Metallurgical Science, Aeronautics, and other environmental science fields. Recommended texts for the exam are listed below.
Objective
The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) 2026 syllabus in Geography is to prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives, which are to:
Candidates must handle and interpret topographic maps, photographs, statistical data and diagrams, and basic field survey;
Candidates must demonstrate knowledge of man’s physical and human environment and how many lives and earns a living on earth surface with special reference to Nigeria and Africa;
Candidates must show understanding of the interrelationship between man and his environment;
Candidates must learn to Apply geographical concepts, skills, and principles to solving problems.
Candidates must understand fieldwork techniques and the study of a local area in the field.
WAEC Geography Syllabus 2026/2027
WAEC GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS
SN
TOPICS
OBJECTIVES
1
PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY
A. Maps
B. Scale and measurement: distances, areas reduction and enlargement, directions, bearings, and gradients with reference to topographical maps
C. Map reading and interpretation; drawing of cross profiles, recognition of intervisibility, recognition, and description of physical and human features and relationship as depicted on topographic maps.
D. Interpretation of statistical data; Maps and diagrams
E. Elementary Surveying; Chain and prismatic.
Open and close traverse.
Procedure.
Problems.
Advantages and disadvantages.
F. Geographic Information System (GIS): Components.
Techniques.
Data.
Sources.
Applications
Candidates should be able to: i. define and identify different types and uses of maps
Candidates should be able to: i. apply the different types of scale to distances and area measurement; ii. apply the knowledge of scale to gradients, map reduction, and enlargement.
Candidates should be able to: i. illustrate the relief of an area through profile drawing; ii. interpret physical and human features from topographical maps.
Candidates should be able to: i.Compute quantitative information from statistical data, diagrams, and maps, ii. interpret statistical data, diagrams, and maps.
Candidates should be able to: i. analyze the principle and procedure of each technique; ii. compare the advantages of the two techniques.
Candidates should be able to: i. Understand GIS and its uses. ii. Understand the computer system of data capturing and analysis iii. Express locations through the use of latitudes, longitudes, zip codes etc. iv. Understand land surveying, remote sensing, map digitizing, map scanning as sources of data. v. Explain areas of use: Defense, Agriculture, Rural Development etc. vi. Identify problems with GIS in Nigeria.
2
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
A. The earth as a planet The earth in the solar system, rotation and revolution;
The shape and size of the earth
Latitudes and distances, longitudes and time.
B. The Earth Crust The structure of the earth (internal and external) Relationships among the four spheres.
Rocks: Types, characteristics, modes of formation and uses
Earth’s movement: Tectonic forces
Major Landforms: Mountains, Plateaux, Plains, Coastal landforms, karst topography and desert landforms.
C. Volcanism and Earthquakes landforms associated with volcanic activities
Landforms of Igneous Rocks
origin and types of Volcanoes
some volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
D. Denudation processes in the tropics weathering
erosion
mass movement
deposition
E. Water Bodies Oceans and seas (world distribution, salinity, and uses)
Ocean currents – types, distribution, causes, and effects;
Lakes – types, distribution and uses.
Rivers: Action of running water.
F. Weather and Climate: Concept of weather and climate
Elements of weather and climate
Factors controlling weather and climate (pressure, air mass, altitude, continentality, and winds)
Classification of climate (Greek and Koppen).
Major climate types (Koppen), their characteristics, and distribution.
Measuring and recording weather parameters and instruments used.
The basic science of climate change.
G. Vegetation Factors controlling growth of plants
The concept of vegetation e.g. plant communities and succession
Major types of vegetation, their characteristics and distribution,
Impact of human activities on vegetation.
H. Soils Definition and properties
Factors and processes of formation
Soil profiles
Major tropical types, their characteristics, distribution and uses;
Impact of human activities on soils.
I. Environmental Resources; Types of resources (atmospheric, land, soil, Vegetation and minerals)
The concept of renewable and non- renewable resources.
J. Environmental interaction: Land ecosystem
Environmental balance and human interaction
K. Environmental hazards: Natural hazards (droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding)
Man-induced (soil erosion, deforestation, pollution, flooding and desertification)
Effects, prevention and control of hazards.
L. Environmental Conservation
Candidates should be able to: i. identify the relative positions of the planets in the solar system; ii relate the effects of the rotation to the revolution of the earth; iii provide proof for the shape and size of the earth; iv differentiate between latitudes and longitudes; v relate lines of latitude to calculation of distance; vi relate lines of longitude to calculation of time
Candidates should be able to: i. compare the internal and external components of the earth. ii. understand the existing relationship among the atmosphere, biosphere in terms of energy balance and water cycle. iii. differentiate between major types of rocks and their characteristics; iv. analyze the processes of formation and the resultant features; v. indicate the uses of rocks. vi. differentiate between tensional and compressional forces and the resultant landforms. vii. identify and describe the major landforms.
Candidates should be able to: i. explain the processes of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes ii. describe the different landforms associated with both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. iii. give examples of major volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the world.
Candidates should be able to: i. identify the agents of denudation ii. associate landforms with each process and agent.
Candidates should be able to: i. locate oceans and seas on the globe; ii. examine the characteristics and uses of oceans and seas; iii. classify the types of ocean currents; iv. account for the distribution of ocean currents; v. evaluate the causes and effects of ocean currents; vi. identify the types and location of lakes; vii. indicate the characteristics and uses of lakes viii. identify the landforms of the different stages of a river course.
Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between weather and climate; ii differentiate between the elements of weather and climate; iii isolate the factors controlling weather and climate; iv compare Koppen’s and Greek’s classifications v identify the major types of climate according to Koppen; vi relate the weather instruments to their uses. vii define climate change viii understand the causes of climate change I understand the effects and remedies of climate change.
Candidates should be able to: i. trace the factors controlling the growth of plants; ii analyze the process of vegetation development; iii identify the types, their characteristics and distribution; iv assess the impact of human activities on vegetation.
Candidates should be able to: i. classify soils and their properties; ii. isolate the factors of formation; iii. differentiate between the different types of soil horizons and their characteristics; iv. compare the major tropical soil types and uses of soils; v. account for the distribution and uses of soils; vi. assess the impact of human activities on soils.
Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the concept of environmental resources; ii. relate environmental resources to their uses; iii. differentiate between the concepts of renewable and non-renewable resources.
Candidates should be able to: i. identify the components of land ecosystem; ii. establish the interrelationship within the ecosystem; iii. interpret the concept of environmental balance; iv. analyze the effects of human activities on the land ecosystem.
Candidates should be able to: i. identify the natural hazards and their causes; ii. relate the human-induced hazards to their causes; iii. locate the major areas where they are common and their effects; iv. recommend possible methods of prevention and control.
Candidates should be able to: i. Explain with examples environmental conservation ii discuss the different methods of environmental conservation. iii Explain the need/importance of environmental conservation
3
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
A. Population: World population with particular reference to the Amazon Basin, N.E. U.S.A., India, Japan and the West Coast of Southern Africa.
Characteristics – birth and death rates, ages/sex structure.
Factors and patterns of population distribution;
Factors and problems of population growth.
B. Settlement with particular reference to Western Europe, the USA, Middle East and West Africa: Types and patterns: rural and urban, dispersed, nucleated and linear;
Rural settlement: classification, factors of growth and functions;
Urban settlement – classification, factors of growth and functions.
Problems of urban centers
Interrelationship between rural and urban settlements.
C. Selected economic activities: Types of economic activities: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary;
Agriculture: types, system, factors and problems
Manufacturing industries, types, locational factors, distribution and socio- economic importance and problems of industrialization in tropical Africa.
Transportation and Communication types, roles in economic development and communication in tropical Africa.
World trade-factors and patterns of world trade, major commodities (origin, routes and destinations).
Tourism: definition, importance, location, problems and solutions.
Candidates should be able to: i. Define different concepts of population; ii. identify the characteristics of population (growth rates and structure); iii. determine the factors and the patterns of population distribution; iv. identify the factors and problems of population growth; v. relate the types of migration to their causes and effects; vi. account for the ways the population constitutes a resource.
Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between types of settlements; (rural and urban) ii. classify the patterns and functions of rural settlements; iii. classify the patterns and functions of urban settlements; iv identify the problems of urban centers; v. establish the interrelationship between rural and urban settlements;
Candidates should be able to: i. identify the types of economic activities; ii. differentiate between the types of economic activities; iii. assess Agriculture as an economic activity; iv. compare the types of manufacturing industries; v. identify the factors of industrial location; vi. examine the socio-economic importance of manufacturing industries; vii. give reasons for the problems of industrialization in tropical Africa; viii. differentiate between the types and means of transportation and communication; ix. assess the economic importance of transport; x. give reasons for the problems of transportation in tropical Africa; xi. relate the factors to the pattern of world trade. xii. classify the major commodities of trade in terms of their origins, routes and destination. xiii. Analyze tourism as an economic activity.
4
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
A. Broad outline of Nigeria: Location, position, size, political division (states) and peoples;
Physical settling: geology, relief, landform, climate and drainage, vegetation and soils;
Population: size, distribution, migration, (types, problems and effects);
B. Economic and Human Geography: Agricultural Systems: the major crops produced, problems of agricultural development in Nigeria.
Manufacturing Industries: factors of location, types of products, marketing and problems associated with manufacturing;
Transportation and Communication: modes of transportation and communication and their relative advantages and disadvantages;
Trade: Regional and International Trade, advantages and disadvantages;
Tourism: types, importance, problems, and solutions.
C. ECOWAS: Meaning and objectives
Member states
Advantages and benefits
Disadvantages, problems, and solutions
Candidates should be able to: i. describe the location, size, and political divisions of Nigeria; ii. identify the ethnic groups and their distributions; iii. relate the components of physical settings to their effects on human activities; iv. account for the pattern of population distribution; v. examine the types of migration, their problems, and effects; vi. identify the types of natural resources and their distribution; vii. indicate their uses and conservation
Candidates should be able to: i. compare the farming systems practiced in Nigeria; ii. identify the crops produced and the problems encountered; iii. identify the types and location of the major manufacturing industries; iv. determine the factors of industrial location and the problems associated with the industries; v. establish the relationship between transport and communication; vi. relate the modes of transportation and communication to their relative advantages and disadvantages; vii. classify the major commodities of regional and international trade; viii. identify reasons for tourism and tourist centers; ix. account for the problems and solutions.
Candidates should be able to: i. State the meaning, purpose, and objectives; ii. identify and locate the member countries; iii. evaluate the prospects and problems of the organiza
WAEC Geography Textbooks 2026/2027
Adeleke, B.O. Areola .O. 2002 and Leong, G.C. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for Senior Secondary School (West African Edition), Ibadan: Oxford.
Bradshaw, M. et al (2004) Contemporary World Regional Geography, New York: McGraw Hill.
Bunet, R.B, and Okunrotifa, P.O.(1999) General Geography in Diagrams for West Africa, China: Longman.
Collins New Secondary Atlas, Macmillan
Fellman, D. et al (2005) Introduction to Geography (Seventh Edition) New York: McGraw Hill.
Getis, A. et al (2004) Introduction to Geography (Ninth Edition) New York: McGraw Hill.
Iloeje, N. P(1999) A New Geography of West Africa, Hong Kong: Longman.
Iloeje, N.P(1982) A New Geography of Nigeria (New Education), Hong Kong: London
Nimako, D.A. (2000) Map Reading of West Africa, Essex: Longman.
Okunrotifa, P.O. and Michael S. (2000) A Regional Geography of Africa (New Edition), Essex: London.
Udo, R.K(1970) Geographical Regions of Nigeria, London: Longman.
Waugh, D. (1995) Geography an Integrated Approach (Second Edition), China: Nelson.
Adegoke M.A (2013), A Comprehensive Text on Physical, Human and Regional Geography
The WAEC Financial Accounting syllabus for 2026/2027 covers core topics from introductory concepts and double-entry principles to more complex areas like partnership and company accounts. A list of recommended textbooks is also provided by WAEC
Examination Scheme
If you’re preparing for the WAEC exams and have registered for Financial Accounting, this guide is for you. The WAEC Financial Accounting syllabus serves as a roadmap, outlining all the topics you need to study and helping you focus on key areas to boost your performance. Think of it as a free, strategic tool to help you excel with proper preparation and commitment.
The exam consists of two papers taken together. Paper 1 includes 50 multiple-choice questions to be answered in 1 hour for 25 marks. Paper 2 has two sections:
Section A (Theory of Financial Accounting): Four essay questions — answer any two for 15 marks each.
Section B (Financial Accounting Practice): Five essay questions — answer any three for 15 marks each.
WAEC Financial Accounting Syllabus 2026/2027
WAEC SYLLABUS FOR FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
SN
TOPICS*
OBJECTIVES
1
THEME
Introduction to Financial Accounting
1.1 History, nature and functions of Accounting. 1.2 Users of Accounting information. 1.3 Stages in the Accounting process. 1.4 Characteristics of Accounting information.
2
The Accounting Equation and Double Entry Principles,*,,,,,**
2.1 Accounting Equation. 2.2 Purpose and functions of source documents. 2.3 Subsidiary books. 2.4 The ledger: classification of Accounts. 2.5 Cash Book: analytical cash book, including petty cash book. 2.6 Preparation of Trial Balance. 2.7 Bank Reconciliation Statements. 2.8 Correction of errors and Suspense Account.
The Final Accounts of a Sole Trader/proprietorship
4.1 Trading, profit and loss accounts/Income statement. 4.2 Balance sheet/statement of financial position. 4.3 Adjustments to final accounts.
5
Provisions and Reserves
5.1 Provision for doubtful debts/Allowance for doubtful debts. 5.2 Provision for discounts. 5.3 Depreciation – concepts, reasons for recording and methods: (i) straight line; (ii) reducing balance; (iii) sum of the years digits; (iv) revaluation. 5.4 Accounting for depreciation. 5.5 Reserves – revenue and capital reserves.
6
Manufacturing Accounts
6.1 Purpose of Manufacturing Accounts. 6.2 Cost classification in Manufacturing Accounts. 6.3 Preparation of final Accounts of Manufacturing concern.
7
Control Accounts and Self- balancing Ledgers
7.1 Meaning and uses of control accounts 7.2 Types: (i) sales ledger control (ii) purchases ledger control 7.3 Preparation of Control Accounts 7.4 Reconciliation of Control Accounts
8
Single Entry and Incomplete Records
8.1 Meaning and limitations 8.2 Computation of profit or loss from opening and closing balance sheets. 8.3 Conversion of singe entry to double entry. 8.4 Preparation of final accounts from a set of incomplete records. 8.5 Mark up and Margin
9
Accounts of Not-for-Profit Making Organizations
9.1 Meaning and terminologies. 9.2 Receipts and payments accounts. 9.3 Subscriptions Account 9.4. Income and expenditure accounts. 9.5 Accumulated fund. 9.6 Balance sheet. 9.7 Profit or loss from income generating activities.
10
Partnership Accounts
10.1 Nature and formation of partnership. 10.2 Partnership agreements/Deed. 10.3 Profit and loss appropriation accounts. 10.4 Partners capital account and balance sheet 10.5 Admission of a new partner. 10.6 Treatment of goodwill and revaluation of assets 10.7 Dissolution of partnership (Questions will not be set on Garner V. Murray and piecemeal realization)
11
Company Accounts
11.1 Nature and formation of a company. 11.2 Types of companies and shares. 11.3 Issue of shares. 11.4 Loan capital, debentures/loan notes and mortgages. 11.5 Final accounts of company for internal use only. 11.6 Interpretation of accounts using simple ratios. 11.7 Purchase of business account. * 11.8 Statement of Cash Flow (using direct and indirect methods). NOTE: Separate questions may be set to meet statutory requirements of individual countries. Candidates’ answers must meet statutory requirements of individual countries.
12
Accounting for Value Added Tax
12.1 Purpose of VAT. 12.2 Characteristics of VAT. 12.3 Bases of computing input/output VAT. 12.4 Preparation of VAT returns. 12.5 Exempt goods and services .
13
Departmental and Branch Accounts
13.1 Meaning and importance 13.2 Differences between a department and branch. 13.3 Preparation of departmental account. 13.4 Preparation of Branch Account excluding foreign branches. 13.5 Inter branch transactions.
14
Public Sector Accounting
14.1 Meaning and difference between Public Sector and Private Sector Accounts. 14.2 Sources of public revenue. 14.3 Capital and recurrent expenditures. 14.4 Preparation of simple government accounts.
15
Information Technology in Accounting
15.1 Manual and computerized Accounting Processing Systems. 15.2 Processes involved in data processing. 15.3 Computer Hardware and Software. 15.4 Merits and demerits of manual and computerized accounting processing systems.
16
Miscellaneous Accounts
16.1 Meaning, introduction, terminologies and preparation of simple: (i) Joint Venture Accounts (ii) Consignment Accounts (iii) Contract Accounts (iv) Hire Purchase Accounts
17
Financial system
17.1 Meaning and components. 17.2 Meaning, functions and features of: (i) money market; (ii) capital market; (iii) insurance market. 17.3 Methods of raising funds from the capital market: (i) offer for sale; (ii) offer for subscription; (iii) rights issue; (iv) private placement; 17.4 Requirements for accessing the capital market. 17.5 Benefits of capital market to: (i) investors; (ii) government; (iii) economy; (iv) individual company; 17.6 Types, features and reasons for regulation.
WAEC Financial Accounting Textbooks 2026/2027
Business Accounting Volume 1 – West African Edition by Frank Wood and Omunya.
Business Accounting Volume 2 – Frank Wood.
Accounting and Finance – Frank Wood.
Foundation Accounting – A. H. Millchamp.
Basic Accounting – J. D. Magee.
Accounting for Senior Secondary School – S. C. Malhorta, P. K. Botchweyand, P. A. Amankwah. Accounting in Business – R. J. Bull.
