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WAEC Geography Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Geography Syllabus 2026/2027 covers key topics which includes: map reading and interpretation (scale, bearings, gradients), elementary surveying, physical and human geography (including climate, vegetation, population, and settlement), and regional geography of Nigeria. It is crucial to check the official JAMB brochure for the most accurate and up-to-date syllabus.

Examination Guide

The syllabus outlines all topics for your exams, including physical and human geography, the environment, economic activities, and settlement. It guides you on what to know for each topic. Geography is essential for courses such as Geography, Metallurgical Science, Aeronautics, and other environmental science fields. Recommended texts for the exam are listed below.

Objective

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) 2026 syllabus in Geography is to prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives, which are to:

Candidates must handle and interpret topographic maps, photographs, statistical data and diagrams, and basic field survey;
Candidates must demonstrate knowledge of man’s physical and human environment and how many lives and earns a living on earth surface with special reference to Nigeria and Africa;
Candidates must show understanding of the interrelationship between man and his environment;
Candidates must learn to Apply geographical concepts, skills, and principles to solving problems.
Candidates must understand fieldwork techniques and the study of a local area in the field.

WAEC Geography Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY
	A. Maps B. Scale and measurement: distances, areas reduction and enlargement, directions, bearings, and gradients with reference to topographical maps C. Map reading and interpretation; drawing of cross profiles, recognition of intervisibility, recognition, and description of physical and human features and relationship as depicted on topographic maps. D. Interpretation of statistical data; Maps and diagrams E. Elementary Surveying; Chain and prismatic. Open and close traverse. Procedure. Problems. Advantages and disadvantages. F. Geographic Information System (GIS): Components. Techniques. Data. Sources. Applications	Candidates should be able to: i. define and identify different types and uses of maps Candidates should be able to: i. apply the different types of scale to distances and area measurement; ii. apply the knowledge of scale to gradients, map reduction, and enlargement. Candidates should be able to: i. illustrate the relief of an area through profile drawing; ii. interpret physical and human features from topographical maps. Candidates should be able to: i.Compute quantitative information from statistical data, diagrams, and maps, ii. interpret statistical data, diagrams, and maps. Candidates should be able to: i. analyze the principle and procedure of each technique; ii. compare the advantages of the two techniques. Candidates should be able to: i. Understand GIS and its uses. ii. Understand the computer system of data capturing and analysis iii. Express locations through the use of latitudes, longitudes, zip codes etc. iv. Understand land surveying, remote sensing, map digitizing, map scanning as sources of data. v. Explain areas of use: Defense, Agriculture, Rural Development etc. vi. Identify problems with GIS in Nigeria.
2	PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
	A. The earth as a planet The earth in the solar system, rotation and revolution; The shape and size of the earth Latitudes and distances, longitudes and time. B. The Earth Crust The structure of the earth (internal and external) Relationships among the four spheres. Rocks: Types, characteristics, modes of formation and uses Earth’s movement: Tectonic forces Major Landforms: Mountains, Plateaux, Plains, Coastal landforms, karst topography and desert landforms. C. Volcanism and Earthquakes landforms associated with volcanic activities Landforms of Igneous Rocks origin and types of Volcanoes some volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. D. Denudation processes in the tropics weathering erosion mass movement deposition E. Water Bodies Oceans and seas (world distribution, salinity, and uses) Ocean currents – types, distribution, causes, and effects; Lakes – types, distribution and uses. Rivers: Action of running water. F. Weather and Climate: Concept of weather and climate Elements of weather and climate Factors controlling weather and climate (pressure, air mass, altitude, continentality, and winds) Classification of climate (Greek and Koppen). Major climate types (Koppen), their characteristics, and distribution. Measuring and recording weather parameters and instruments used. The basic science of climate change. G. Vegetation Factors controlling growth of plants The concept of vegetation e.g. plant communities and succession Major types of vegetation, their characteristics and distribution, Impact of human activities on vegetation. H. Soils Definition and properties Factors and processes of formation Soil profiles Major tropical types, their characteristics, distribution and uses; Impact of human activities on soils. I. Environmental Resources; Types of resources (atmospheric, land, soil, Vegetation and minerals) The concept of renewable and non- renewable resources. J. Environmental interaction: Land ecosystem Environmental balance and human interaction K. Environmental hazards: Natural hazards (droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding) Man-induced (soil erosion, deforestation, pollution, flooding and desertification) Effects, prevention and control of hazards. L. Environmental Conservation	Candidates should be able to: i. identify the relative positions of the planets in the solar system; ii relate the effects of the rotation to the revolution of the earth; iii provide proof for the shape and size of the earth; iv differentiate between latitudes and longitudes; v relate lines of latitude to calculation of distance; vi relate lines of longitude to calculation of time Candidates should be able to: i. compare the internal and external components of the earth. ii. understand the existing relationship among the atmosphere, biosphere in terms of energy balance and water cycle. iii. differentiate between major types of rocks and their characteristics; iv. analyze the processes of formation and the resultant features; v. indicate the uses of rocks. vi. differentiate between tensional and compressional forces and the resultant landforms. vii. identify and describe the major landforms. Candidates should be able to: i. explain the processes of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes ii. describe the different landforms associated with both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. iii. give examples of major volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the world. Candidates should be able to: i. identify the agents of denudation ii. associate landforms with each process and agent. Candidates should be able to: i. locate oceans and seas on the globe; ii. examine the characteristics and uses of oceans and seas; iii. classify the types of ocean currents; iv. account for the distribution of ocean currents; v. evaluate the causes and effects of ocean currents; vi. identify the types and location of lakes; vii. indicate the characteristics and uses of lakes viii. identify the landforms of the different stages of a river course. Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between weather and climate; ii differentiate between the elements of weather and climate; iii isolate the factors controlling weather and climate; iv compare Koppen’s and Greek’s classifications v identify the major types of climate according to Koppen; vi relate the weather instruments to their uses. vii define climate change viii understand the causes of climate change I understand the effects and remedies of climate change. Candidates should be able to: i. trace the factors controlling the growth of plants; ii analyze the process of vegetation development; iii identify the types, their characteristics and distribution; iv assess the impact of human activities on vegetation. Candidates should be able to: i. classify soils and their properties; ii. isolate the factors of formation; iii. differentiate between the different types of soil horizons and their characteristics; iv. compare the major tropical soil types and uses of soils; v. account for the distribution and uses of soils; vi. assess the impact of human activities on soils. Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the concept of environmental resources; ii. relate environmental resources to their uses; iii. differentiate between the concepts of renewable and non-renewable resources. Candidates should be able to: i. identify the components of land ecosystem; ii. establish the interrelationship within the ecosystem; iii. interpret the concept of environmental balance; iv. analyze the effects of human activities on the land ecosystem. Candidates should be able to: i. identify the natural hazards and their causes; ii. relate the human-induced hazards to their causes; iii. locate the major areas where they are common and their effects; iv. recommend possible methods of prevention and control. Candidates should be able to: i. Explain with examples environmental conservation ii discuss the different methods of environmental conservation. iii Explain the need/importance of environmental conservation
3	HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
	A. Population: World population with particular reference to the Amazon Basin, N.E. U.S.A., India, Japan and the West Coast of Southern Africa. Characteristics – birth and death rates, ages/sex structure. Factors and patterns of population distribution; Factors and problems of population growth. B. Settlement with particular reference to Western Europe, the USA, Middle East and West Africa: Types and patterns: rural and urban, dispersed, nucleated and linear; Rural settlement: classification, factors of growth and functions; Urban settlement – classification, factors of growth and functions. Problems of urban centers Interrelationship between rural and urban settlements. C. Selected economic activities: Types of economic activities: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary; Agriculture: types, system, factors and problems Manufacturing industries, types, locational factors, distribution and socio- economic importance and problems of industrialization in tropical Africa. Transportation and Communication types, roles in economic development and communication in tropical Africa. World trade-factors and patterns of world trade, major commodities (origin, routes and destinations). Tourism: definition, importance, location, problems and solutions.	Candidates should be able to: i. Define different concepts of population; ii. identify the characteristics of population (growth rates and structure); iii. determine the factors and the patterns of population distribution; iv. identify the factors and problems of population growth; v. relate the types of migration to their causes and effects; vi. account for the ways the population constitutes a resource. Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between types of settlements; (rural and urban) ii. classify the patterns and functions of rural settlements; iii. classify the patterns and functions of urban settlements; iv identify the problems of urban centers; v. establish the interrelationship between rural and urban settlements; Candidates should be able to: i. identify the types of economic activities; ii. differentiate between the types of economic activities; iii. assess Agriculture as an economic activity; iv. compare the types of manufacturing industries; v. identify the factors of industrial location; vi. examine the socio-economic importance of manufacturing industries; vii. give reasons for the problems of industrialization in tropical Africa; viii. differentiate between the types and means of transportation and communication; ix. assess the economic importance of transport; x. give reasons for the problems of transportation in tropical Africa; xi. relate the factors to the pattern of world trade. xii. classify the major commodities of trade in terms of their origins, routes and destination. xiii. Analyze tourism as an economic activity.
4	REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
	A. Broad outline of Nigeria: Location, position, size, political division (states) and peoples; Physical settling: geology, relief, landform, climate and drainage, vegetation and soils; Population: size, distribution, migration, (types, problems and effects); Natural Resources: types (minerals, soils, Water, vegetation etc) distribution, uses and conservation. B. Economic and Human Geography: Agricultural Systems: the major crops produced, problems of agricultural development in Nigeria. Manufacturing Industries: factors of location, types of products, marketing and problems associated with manufacturing; Transportation and Communication: modes of transportation and communication and their relative advantages and disadvantages; Trade: Regional and International Trade, advantages and disadvantages; Tourism: types, importance, problems, and solutions. C. ECOWAS: Meaning and objectives Member states Advantages and benefits Disadvantages, problems, and solutions	Candidates should be able to: i. describe the location, size, and political divisions of Nigeria; ii. identify the ethnic groups and their distributions; iii. relate the components of physical settings to their effects on human activities; iv. account for the pattern of population distribution; v. examine the types of migration, their problems, and effects; vi. identify the types of natural resources and their distribution; vii. indicate their uses and conservation Candidates should be able to: i. compare the farming systems practiced in Nigeria; ii. identify the crops produced and the problems encountered; iii. identify the types and location of the major manufacturing industries; iv. determine the factors of industrial location and the problems associated with the industries; v. establish the relationship between transport and communication; vi. relate the modes of transportation and communication to their relative advantages and disadvantages; vii. classify the major commodities of regional and international trade; viii. identify reasons for tourism and tourist centers; ix. account for the problems and solutions. Candidates should be able to: i. State the meaning, purpose, and objectives; ii. identify and locate the member countries; iii. evaluate the prospects and problems of the organiza

WAEC Geography Textbooks 2026/2027

Adeleke, B.O. Areola .O. 2002 and Leong, G.C. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for Senior Secondary School (West African Edition), Ibadan: Oxford.
Bradshaw, M. et al (2004) Contemporary World Regional Geography, New York: McGraw Hill.
Bunet, R.B, and Okunrotifa, P.O.(1999) General Geography in Diagrams for West Africa, China: Longman.
Collins New Secondary Atlas, Macmillan
Fellman, D. et al (2005) Introduction to Geography (Seventh Edition) New York: McGraw Hill.
Getis, A. et al (2004) Introduction to Geography (Ninth Edition) New York: McGraw Hill.
Iloeje, N. P(1999) A New Geography of West Africa, Hong Kong: Longman.
Iloeje, N.P(1982) A New Geography of Nigeria (New Education), Hong Kong: London
Nimako, D.A. (2000) Map Reading of West Africa, Essex: Longman.
Okunrotifa, P.O. and Michael S. (2000) A Regional Geography of Africa (New Edition), Essex: London.
Udo, R.K(1970) Geographical Regions of Nigeria, London: Longman.
Waugh, D. (1995) Geography an Integrated Approach (Second Edition), China: Nelson.
Adegoke M.A (2013), A Comprehensive Text on Physical, Human and Regional Geography

October 28, 2025

WAEC Physics Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Physics Syllabus 2026/2027 covers topics like Mechanics, Properties of Matter, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism, Waves, Light, and Modern Physics, which are standard for a senior secondary physics curriculum.

According to the syllabus, one has to discuss the core content that remains consistent with previous years and should be based on topics such as motion, forces, energy, and electromagnetism. Key textbooks like those by “P.N. Okeke,” “U.N. Nnaji,” “P. Okonkwo,” and “M.H. Collins” are widely recommended for preparation.

Examination Guide

If you plan to write Physics in the upcoming JAMB exams, this guide is for you. The UTME Physics syllabus covers key areas such as kinematics, energy and work, electricity and magnetism, and nuclear physics — all essential for the exam.

The examination aims to assess your understanding of core physics concepts and your ability to apply them in solving real-world problems. Physics is a crucial subject for candidates pursuing Engineering, Computer Science, Medical, and other science-related courses. Since it involves calculations, you should be comfortable with mathematical principles, graphs, and formulas to perform well.

Objective

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Physics is to prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives, which are to:

The Syllabus should be able to sustain the candidates’ interest in physics;
Candidates should develop an attitude relevant to physics that encourage accuracy, precision and objectivity;
Candidates should learn Interpret physical phenomena, laws, definitions, concepts and other theories;
Canddates should be able to demonstrate the ability to solve physics problems correctly using relevant theories and concepts.

WAEC Physics Syllabus 2026/2027

SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	MEASUREMENTS & UNITS
	(a) Length, area and volume: Metre rule, Vernier calipers Micrometer Screw-gauge, measuring cylinder. (b) Mass (i) unit of mass; (ii) use of simple beam balance; (iii) concept of beam balance. (c) Time (i) unit of time; (ii) time-measuring devices. (d) Fundamental physical quantities (e) Derived physical quantities and their units (i) Combinations of fundamental quantities and determination of their units; (f) Dimensions (i) definition of dimensions (ii) simple examples (g) Limitations of experimental measurements (i) accuracy of measuring instruments; (ii) simple estimation of errors; (iii) significant figures; (iv) standard form.	Candidates should be able to: i. Identify the units of length, area and volume; ii. use different measuring instruments; iii. determine the lengths, surface areas and volume of regular and irregular bodies; iv. identify the unit of mass; v. use simple beam balance, e.g Buchart’s balance and chemical balance; vi. identify the unit of time; vii. use different time-measuring devices; viii. relate the fundamental physical quantities to their units; ix. deduce the units of derived physical quantities; x. determine the dimensions of physical quantities; xi. use the dimensions to determine the units of physical quantities; xii. test the homogeneity of an equation; xiii. determine the accuracy of measuring instruments; xiv. estimate simple errors; xv. express measurements in standard form. Candidates should be able to: i. use strings, meter ruler and engineering calipers, vernier calipers and micrometer, screw gauge; ii. note the degree of accuracy; iii. identify distance travel in a specified direction; iv. use compass and protractor to locate points/directions; v. use Cartesians systems to locate positions in x-y plane; vi. plot graph and draw inference from the graph.
2	SCALARS & VECTOR QUANTITY
	(i) definition of scalar and vector quantities; (ii) examples of scalar and vector quantities; (iii) relative velocity; (iv) resolution of vectors into two perpendicular directions including graphical methods of solution	Candidates should be able to: i. distinguish between scalar and vector quantities; ii. give examples of scalar and vector quantities; iii. determine the resultant of two or more vectors; iv. determine relative velocity; v. resolve vectors into two perpendicular components; vi. use graphical methods to solve vector problems.
3	MOTION
	(a) Types of motion: translational, oscillatory, rotational, spin and random (b) Relative motion (c) Causes of motion (d) Types of force (i) contact (ii) force field (e) linear motion (i) speed, velocity and acceleration; (ii) equations of uniformly accelerated motion; (iii) motion under gravity; (iv) distance-time graph and velocity time graph; (v) instantaneous velocity and acceleration. (f) Projectiles: (i) calculation of range, maximum height and time of flight from the ground and a height; (ii) applications of projectile motion. (g) Newton’s laws of motion: (i) inertia, mass and force; (ii) relationship between mass and acceleration; (iii) impulse and momentum; (iv) force – time graph; (v) conservation of linear momentum (Coefficient of restitution not necessary). (h) Motion in a circle: (i) angular velocity and angular acceleration; (ii) centripetal and centrifugal forces; (iii) applications. (i) Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M): (i) definition and explanation of simple harmonic motion; (ii) examples of systems that execute S.H.M; (iii) period, frequency and amplitude of S.H.M; (iv) velocity and acceleration of S.H.M; (iii) simple treatment of energy change in S.H.M; (iv) force vibration and resonance (simple treatment).	Candidates should be able to; i. identify different types of motion; ii. solve numerical problem on collinear motion; iii. identify force as cause of motion; iv. identify push and pull as forms of force; v. identify electric and magnetic attractions, gravitational pull as forms of field forces; vi. differentiate between speed, velocity and acceleration; vii. deduce equations of uniformly accelerated motion; viii. solve problems of motion under gravity; ix. interpret distance-time graph and velocity-time graph; x. compute instantaneous velocity and acceleration; xi. establish expressions for the range, maximum height and time of flight of projectiles; xii. solve problems involving projectile motion; xiii. solve numerical problems involving impulse and momentum; xiv. interpretation of area under force – time graph; xv. interpret Newton’s laws of motion; xvi. compare inertia, mass and force; xvii. deduce the relationship between mass and acceleration; xviii. interpret the law of conservation of linear momentum and application; xix. establish expression for angular velocity, angular acceleration and centripetal force; xx. solve numerical problems involving motion in a circle; xxi. establish the relationship between period and frequency; xxii. analyze the energy changes occurring during S.H.M; xxiii. identify different types of forced vibration; xxiv. enumerate applications of resonance.
4	GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
	(i) Newton’s law of universal gravitation; (ii) gravitational potential; (iii) conservative and non-conservative fields; (iv) acceleration due to gravity; (v) variation of g on the earth’s surface; (vi) distinction between mass and weight escape velocity; (vii) parking orbit and weightlessness	Candidates should be able to: i. identify the expression for gravitational force between two bodies; ii. apply Newton’s law of universal gravitation; iii. give examples of conservative and non- conservative fields; iv. deduce the expression for gravitational field potentials; v. identify the causes of variation of g on the earth’s surface; vi. differentiate between mass and weight; vii. determine escape velocity.
5	EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES
	(a) equilibrium of particles: (i) equilibrium of coplanar forces; (ii) triangles and polygon of forces; (iii) Lami’s theorem. (b) principles of moments (i) moment of a force; (ii) simple treatment and moment of a couple (); (iii) applications. (c) conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of parallel and nonparallel forces (i) resolution and composition of forces in two perpendicular directions; (ii) resultant and equilibrant. (d) center of gravity and stability (i) stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium.	Candidates should be able to: i. apply the conditions for the equilibrium of coplanar forces to solve problems; ii. use triangle and polygon laws of forces to solve equilibrium problems; iii. use Lami’s theorem to solve problems; iv. analyze the principle of moment of a force; v. determine moment of a force and couple; vi. describe some applications of moment of a force and couple; vii. apply the conditions for the equilibrium of rigid bodies to solve problems; viii. resolve forces into two perpendicular directions; ix. determine the resultant and equilibrant of forces; x. differentiate between stable, unstable and neutral equilibra.
6	WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
	(a) Work, Energy and Power (i) definition of work, energy and power; (ii) forms of energy; (iii) conservation of energy; (iv) qualitative treatment between different forms of energy; (v) interpretation of area under the force- distance curve (b) Energy and society (i) sources of energy; (ii) renewable and non-renewable energy e.g. coal, crude oil etc.; (iii) uses of energy; (iv) energy and development; (v) energy diversification; (vi) environmental impact of energy e.g. global warming, greenhouse effect and spillage; (vii) energy crises; (viii) conversion of energy; (ix) devices used in energy production. (c) Dams and energy production (i) location of dams (ii) energy production (d) nuclear energy (e) solar energy (i) solar collector; (ii) solar panel for energy supply	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between work, energy and power; ii. compare different forms of energy, giving examples; iii. apply the principle of conservation of energy; iv. examine the transformation between different forms of energy; v. interpret the area under the force – distance curve. vi. solve numerical problems in work, energy and power. Candidates should be able to: i. itemize the sources of energy; ii. distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable energy, examples should be given iii. identify methods of energy transition; iv. explain the importance of energy in the development of the society; v. analyze the effect of energy use to the environment; vi. identify the impact of energy on the environment; vii. identify energy sources that are friendly or hazardous to the environment; viii. identify energy uses in their immediate environment; ix. suggests ways of safe energy use x. state different forms of energy conversion
7	FRICTION
	(i) static and dynamic friction; (ii) coefficient of limiting friction and its determination; (iii) advantages and disadvantages of friction (iv) reduction of friction; (v) qualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocity; (vi) Stoke’s law.	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between static and dynamic friction; ii. determine the coefficient of limiting friction; iii. compare the advantages and disadvantages of friction; iv. suggest ways by which friction can be reduced; v. analyze factors that affect viscosity and terminal velocity; vi. apply Stoke’s law.
8	SIMPLE MACHINES
	(i) definition of simple machines; (ii) types of machines; (iii) mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines.	Candidates should be able to: i. identify different types of simple machines; ii. solve problems involving simple machines.
9	ELASTICITY
	(i) elastic limit, yield point, breaking point, Hooke’s law and Young’s modulus (ii) the spring balance as a device for measuring force (iii) work done per unit volume in springs and elastic strings (i) work done per unit volume in springs and elastic strings	Candidates should be able to: i. interpret force-extension curves; ii. interpret Hooke’s law and Young’s modulus of a material; iii use spring balance to measure force; iv. determine the work done in spring and elastic strings


10	PRESSURE
	Atmospheric Pressure (i) definition of atmospheric pressure (ii) units of pressure (S.I) units (Pa) (iii) measurement of pressure (iv) simple mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and manometer. (v) variation of pressure with height (vi) the use of a barometer as an altimeter. Pressure in liquids (i) the relationship between pressure, depth and density (P = \(\rho\)gh) (ii) transmission of pressure in liquids (Pascal’s Principle) (iii) application	Candidates should be able to: i. recognize the S.I units of pressure; (Pa) ii. identify pressure measuring instruments; iii. relate the variation of pressure to height; iv. use a barometer as an altimeter. v. determine the relationship between pressure, depth and density; vi apply the principle of transmission of pressure in liquids to solve problems; vii. determine and apply the principle of pressure in liquid;
11	LIQUIDS AT REST
	(i) determination of density of solids and liquids (ii) definition of relative density (iii) upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid (iv) Archimedes’ principle and law of floatation and applications, e.g. ships and hydrometers	Candidates should be able to: i. distinguish between density and relative density of substances; ii. determine the upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid iii. apply Archimedes’ principle and law of floatation to solve problems
12	TEMPERATURE AND IT’S MEASUREMENTS
	(i) concept of temperature (ii) thermometric properties (iii) calibration of thermometers (iv) temperature scales -Celsius and Kelvin. (v) types of thermometers (vi) conversion from one scale of temperature to another	Candidates should be able to: i. identify thermometric properties of materials that are used for different thermometers; ii. calibrate thermometers; iii. differentiate between temperature scales e.g Celsius and Kelvin. iv. compare the types of thermometers; vi. convert from one scale of temperature to another.
13	THERMAL EXPANSION
	Solids (i) definition and determination of linear, volume and area expansivities (ii) effects and applications, e.g. expansion in building strips and railway lines (iii) relationship between different expansivities Liquids (i) volume expansivity (ii) real and apparent expansivities (iii) determination of volume expansivity (iv) anomalous expansion of water	Candidates should be able to: i. determine linear and volume expansivities; ii. assess the effects and applications of thermal expansivities iii. determine the relationship between different expansivities. iv. determine volume, apparent, and real expansivities of liquids; v. analyze the anomalous expansion of water.
14	GAS LAWS
	(i) Boyle’s law (isothermal process) (ii) Charles’ law (isobaric process) (iii) Pressure law (volumetric process (iv) absolute zero of temperature (v) general gas equation (\(\frac{PV}{T}\) = constant) (vi) ideal gas equation Eg. Pv = nRT (vii) Van der waal gas	Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the gas laws; ii. use expression of these laws to solve numerical problems. iii. interpret Van der waal equation for one mole of a real gas
15	QUANTITY OF HEAT
	(i) heat as a form of energy (ii) definition of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of solids and liquids (iii) determination of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of substances by simple methods e.g method of mixtures and electrical method and Newton’s law of cooling	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between heat capacity and specific heat capacity; ii. determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity using simple methods; iii. solve numerical problems.
16	CHANGE OF STATE
	(i) latent heat (ii) specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization; (iii) melting, evaporation and boiling (iv) the influence of pressure and of dissolved substances on boiling and melting points. (ii) application in appliances	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between latent heat and specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization; ii. differentiate between melting, evaporation and boiling; iii. examine the effects of pressure and of dissolved substance on boiling and melting points. iv. solve numerical problems
17	VAPOURS
	(i) unsaturated and saturated vapors (ii) relationship between saturated vapor pressure (S.V.P) and boiling (iii) determination of S.V.P by barometer tube method (iv) formation of dew, mist, fog, and rain (v) study of dew point, humidity and relative humidity (vi) hygrometry; estimation of the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers.	Candidates should be able to: i. distinguish between saturated and unsaturated vapors; ii. relate saturated vapor pressure to boiling point; iii. determine S.V.P by barometer tube method iv. differentiate between dew point, humidity and relative humidity; vi. estimate the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers. vii. solve numerical problems


18	STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND KINETIC THEORIES
	Molecular nature of matter (i) atoms and molecules (ii) molecular theory: explanation of Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angles of contact etc (iii) examples and applications. Kinetic Theory (i) assumptions of the kinetic theory (ii) using the theory to explain the pressure exerted by gas, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, melting, boiling, vapourization, change in temperature, evaporation, etc.	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between atoms and molecules; ii. use molecular theory to explain Brownian motion , diffusion, surface, tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angle of contact; iii. examine the assumptions of kinetic theory; iv. interpret kinetic theory, the pressure exerted by gasses Boyle’s law, Charles law melting,boiling vaporization, change in temperature, evaporation, etc.
19	HEAT TRANSFER
	(i) conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer (ii) temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux (iii) effect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed by it. (iv) the conductivities of common materials. (v) the thermos flask (vii) land and sea breeze (viii) engines	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer; ii. solve problems on temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux; iii. assess the effect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed by it; iv. compare the conductivities of common materials; v. relate the component part of the working of the thermos flask; vi. differentiate between land and sea breeze. vii. to analyze the principles of operating internal combustion jet engines, rockets
20	WAVES
	Production and Propagation (i) wave motion, (ii) vibrating systems as source of waves (iii) waves as mode of energy transfer (iv) distinction between particle motion and wave motion (v) relationship between frequency, wavelength and wave velocity V = f λ (vi) phase difference, wavenumber and wave vector (vii) progressive wave equation e.g \(Y = A \sin \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} (vt \pm x)\) Classification (i) types of waves; mechanical and electromagnetic waves (ii) longitudinal and transverse waves (iii) stationary and progressive waves (iv) examples of waves from springs, ropes, stretched strings and the ripple tank. c) Characteristics/Properties (i) reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane Polarization (ii) superposition of waves e.g interference (iii) beats (iv) Doppler effects (qualitative treatment only)	Candidates should be able to: i. interpret wave motion; ii. identify vibrating systems as sources of waves; iii use waves as a mode of energy transfer; iv distinguish between particle motion and wave motion; v. relate frequency and wavelength to wave velocity; vi. determine phase difference, wavenumber and wave vector vii. use the progressive wave equation to compute basic wave parameters; viii. differentiate between mechanical and electromagnetic waves; ix. differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves x. distinguish between stationary and progressive waves; xi. indicate the example of waves generated from springs, ropes, stretched strings and the ripple tank; vii. differentiate between reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization of waves; viii. analyze the principle of superposition of waves. ix. solve numerical problems on waves x. explain the phenomenon of beat, beat frequency and uses xi. explain Doppler effect of sound and application
21	PROPAGATION OF SOUND WAVES
	i) the necessity for a material medium (ii) speed of sound in solids, liquids and air; (iii) reflection of sound; echoes, reverberation and their applications (iv) disadvantages of echoes and reverberations	Candidates should be able to: i. determine the need for a material medium in the propagation of sound waves; ii. compare the speed of sound in solids, liquids and air; iii. relate the effects of temperature and pressure to the speed of sound in air; iv. solve problem on echoes, reverberation and speed iv. compare the disadvantages and advantages of echoes. vi. solve problems on echo, reverberation and speed of sound
22	CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVES
	(i) noise and musical notes (ii) quality, pitch, intensity and loudness and their application to musical instruments; (iii) simple treatment of overtones produced by vibrating strings and their columns \(F_0 = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}}\); (\(\mu = \frac{m}{l}\)) (iv) acoustic examples of resonance (v) frequency of a note emitted by air columns in closed and open pipes in relation to their lengths.	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between noise and musical notes; ii. analyze quality, pitch, intensity and loudness of sound notes; iii. evaluate the application of (ii) above in the construction of musical instruments; iv. identify overtones by vibrating strings and air columns; v. itemize acoustical examples of resonance; vi. determine the frequencies of notes emitted by air columns in open and closed pipes in relation to their lengths.
23	LIGHT ENERGY
	Sources of Light: (i) natural and artificial sources of light (ii) luminous and non-luminous objects Propagation of light (i) speed, frequency and wavelength of light (ii) formation of shadows and eclipse (iii) the pin-hole camera.	Candidates should be able to: i. compare the natural and artificial sources of light; ii. differentiate between luminous and non luminous objects; iii. relate the speed, frequency and wavelength of light; iv. interpret the formation of shadows and eclipses; v. solve problems using the principle of operation of a pin-hole camera.
24	REFLECTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE AND CURVED SURFACES
	(i) laws of reflection. (ii) application of reflection of light (iii) formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors and ray diagrams (iv) use of the mirror formula \(\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v}\) (v) linear magnification	Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the laws of reflection; ii. illustrate the formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors; iii. apply the mirror formula to solve optical problems; iv. determine the linear magnification; v. apply the laws of reflection of light to the working of periscope, kaleidoscope and the sextant.
25	REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH PLANE AND CURVED SURFACES
	(i) explanation of refraction in terms of velocity of light in the media. (ii) laws of refraction (iii) definition of refractive index of a medium (iv) determination of refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell’s law (v) real and apparent depth and lateral displacement (vi) critical angle and total internal reflection (b) Glass Prism (i) use of the minimum deviation formula \(U = \frac{\sin[\frac{A + D}{2}]}{\sin [\frac{A}{2}]}\) (ii) type of lenses (iii) use of lens formula \(\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v}\) and Newton’s formula (F\(^2\) = ab) (iv) magnification	Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the laws of reflection; ii. illustrate the formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors; iii. apply the mirror formula to solve optical problems; iv. determine the linear magnification; v. apply the laws of reflection of light to the working of periscope, kaleidoscope and the sextant. Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the laws of reflection; ii. determine the refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell’s law; iii. determine the refractive index using the principle of real and apparent depth; iv. determine the conditions necessary for total internal reflection; v. examine the use of periscope, prism, binoculars, optical fiber; vi. apply the principles of total internal reflection to the formation of mirage; vii. use of lens formula and ray diagrams to solve optical numerical problems; viii. determine the magnification of an image; ix. calculate the refractive index of a glass prism using minimum deviation formula.
26	OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
	(i) the principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eye (physiological details of the eye are not required) (ii) power of a lens (iii) angular magnification (iv) near and far points (v) sight defects and their corrections	Candidates should be able to: i. apply the principles of operation of optical instruments to solve problems; ii. distinguish between the human eye and the cameras; iii. calculate the power of a lens; iv. evaluate the angular magnification of optical instruments; v. determine the near and far points; vi. detect sight defects and their corrections.
27	DISPERSION OF LIGHT AND COLORS
	(i)dispersion of white light by a triangular prism (ii) production of pure spectrum (iii) color mixing by addition and subtraction (iv) color of objects and color filters (v) rainbow (b) Electromagnetic spectrum (i) description of sources and uses of various types of radiation.	Candidates should be able to: i. identify primary colors and obtain secondary colors by mixing; ii. understand the formation of rainbow iii. deduces why objects have colors; iv. relate the expression for gravitational force between two bodies; v. apply Newton’s law of universal gravitation; vi. analyze colors using color filters vii. analyze the electromagnetic spectrum in relation to their wavelengths, sources, detection and uses


28	ELECTROSTATICS
	(i) existence of positive and negative charges in matter (ii) charging a body by friction, contact and induction (iii) electroscope (iv) Coulomb’s inverse square law, electric field and potential (v) electric field intensity and potential difference (vi) electric discharge and lightning	Candidates should be able to: i. identify charges; ii. examine uses of an electroscope; iii. apply Coulomb’s square law of electrostatics to solve problems; iv. deduce expressions for electric field intensity and potential difference; v. identify electric field flux patterns of isolated and interacting charges; vi. analyze the distribution of charges on a conductor and how it is used in lightning conductors.
29	CAPACITORS
	(i) Types and functions of capacitors (ii) parallel plate capacitors (iii) capacitance of a capacitor (iv) the relationship between capacitance, area separation of plates and medium between the plates. ( \(C = \frac{EA}{d}\) ) (v) capacitors in series and parallel (vi) energy stored in a capacitor	Candidates should be able to: i. determine uses of capacitors; ii. analyze parallel plate capacitors; iii. determine the capacitance of a capacitor; iv. analyze the factors that affect the capacitance of a capacitor; v. solve problems involving the arrangement of capacitor; vi. determine the energy stored in capacitors
30	ELECTRIC CELLS
	(i) simple voltaic cell and its defects; (ii) Daniel cell, Leclanche cell (wet and dry) (iii) lead -acid accumulator and Nickel-Iron (Nife) Lithium iron and Mercury cadmium (iv) maintenance of cells and batteries (detail treatment of the chemistry of a cell is not required) (v) arrangement of cells (vi) Efficiency of a cell	Candidates should be able to: i. identify the defects of the simple voltaic cell and their correction ii. compare different types of cells including solar cell; iii. compare the advantages of lead-acid and Nickel iron accumulator; iv. solve problems involving series and parallel combination of cells.
31	CURRENT ELECTRICITY
	(i) electromagnetic force (emf), potential difference (p.d.), current, internal resistance of a cell and lost Volt (ii) Ohm’s law (iii) measurement of resistance (iv) meter bridge (v) resistance in series and in parallel and their combination (vi) the potentiometer method of measuring emf, current and internal resistance of a cell. (v) electrical networks	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between emf, p.d., current and internal resistance of a cell; ii. apply Ohm’s law to solve problems; iii. use meter bridge to calculate resistance; iv. compute effective total resistance of both parallel and series arrangement of resistors; v. determine the resistivity and the conductivity of a conductor; vi. measure emf. current and internal resistance of a cell using the potentiometer. vii. identify the advantages of the potentiometer viii. apply Kirchoff’s law in electrical networks
32	ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER
	(i) concepts of electrical energy and power (ii) commercial unit of electric energy and power (iii) electric power transmission (v) heating effects of electric current. (vi) electrical wiring of houses (vii) use of fuses	Candidates should be able to: i. apply the expressions of electrical energy and power to solve problems; ii. analyze how power is transmitted from the power station to the consumer; iii. identify the heating effects of current and its uses; iv. identify the advantages of parallel arrangement over series v. determine the fuse rating
33	MAGNETS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
	(i) natural and artificial magnets (ii) magnetic properties of soft iron and steel (iii) methods of making magnets and demagnetization (iv) concept of magnetic field (v) magnetic field of a permanent magnet (vi) magnetic field around a straight current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid (vii) properties of the earth’s magnetic field; north and south poles, magnetic meridian and angle of dip and declination (viii) flux and flux density (ix) variation of magnetic field intensity over the earth’s surface (x) applications: earth’s magnetic field in navigation and mineral exploration.	Candidates should be able to: i. give examples of natural and artificial magnets ii. differentiate between the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel; iii. identify the various methods of making magnets and demagnetizing magnets; iv. describe how to keep a magnet from losing its magnetism; v. determine the flux pattern exhibited when two magnets are placed together pole to pole; vi. determine the flux of a current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid including the polarity of the solenoid; vii. determine the flux pattern of a magnet placed in the earth’s magnetic fields; viii. identify the magnetic elements of the earth’s flux; ix. determine the variation of earth’s magnetic field on the earth’s surface; x. examine the applications of the earth’s magnetic field.


34	FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
	(i) quantitative treatment of force between two parallel current-carrying conductors (ii) force on a charge moving in a magnetic field; (iii) the d. c. motor (iv) electromagnets (v) carbon microphone (vi) moving coil and moving iron instruments (vii) conversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeter using shunts and multipliers (viii) sensitivity of a galvanometer	Candidates should be able to: i. determine the direction of force on a current carrying conductor using Fleming’s left-hand rule; ii. interpret the attractive and repulsive forces between two parallel current-carrying conductors using diagrams; iii. determine the relationship between the force, magnetic field strength, velocity and the angle through which the charge enters the field; iv. interpret the working of the d. c. motor; v. analyze the principle of electromagnets and give examples of its application; vi. compare moving iron and moving coil instruments; vii. convert a galvanometer into an ammeter or a voltmeter. viii. identify the factors affecting the sensitivity of a galvanometer
35	ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
	(I) Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction (ii) factors affecting induced emf (iii) Lenz’s law as an illustration of the principle of conservation of energy (iv) A.C. and D.C generators (v) transformers (vi) the induction coil (b) Inductance (i) explanation of inductance (ii) unit of inductance (iii) energy stored in an inductor \(E = \frac{1}{2} I^2 L\) (iv) application/uses of inductors (ix) Eddy Current (i) reduction of eddy current (ii) applications of eddy current	Candidates should be able to: i. interpret the laws of electromagnetic induction; ii. identify factors affecting induced emf; iii. recognize how Lenz’s law illustrates the principle of conservation of energy; iv. interpret the diagrammatic set up of A. C. generators; v. identify the types of transformer; vi. examine principles of operation of transformers; vii. assess the functions of an induction coil; viii. draw some conclusions from the principles of operation of an induction coil; ix. interpret the inductance of an inductor; x. recognize units of inductance; xi. calculate the effective total inductance in series and parallel arrangement; xii. deduce the expression for the energy stored in an inductor; xiii. examine the applications of inductors; xiv. describe the method by which eddy current losses can be reduced. xv. determine ways by which eddy currents can be used.
36	SIMPLE A.C CIRCUITS
	(i) explanation of a.c. current and voltage (ii) peak and r.m.s. values (iii) a.c. source connected to a resistor; (iv) a.c source connected to a capacitor- capacitive reactance (v) a.c source connected to an inductor inductive reactance (vi) series R-L-C circuits (vii) vector diagram, phase angle and power factor (viii) resistance and impedance (ix) effective voltage in an R-L-C circuits (x) resonance and resonance frequency \(F_o = \frac{1}{2π\sqrt{LC}}\)	Candidates should be able to: i. identify a.c. current and d.c. voltage ii. differentiate between the peak and r.m.s. values of a.c.; iii. determine the phase difference between current and voltage iv. interpret series R-L-C circuits; v. analyze vector diagrams; vi. calculate the effective voltage, reactance and impedance; vii. recognize the condition by which the circuit is at resonance; viii. determine the resonant frequency of R-L-C arrangement; ix. determine the instantaneous power, average power and the power factor in a. c. circuits
37	CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH;
	liquids (i) electrolytes and non-electrolyte (ii) concept of electrolysis (iii) Faraday’s laws of electrolysis (iv) application of electrolysis, e.g electroplating, calibration of ammeter etc. gasses (i) discharge through gasses (qualitative treatment only) (ii) application of conduction of electricity through gasses	Candidates should be able to: i. distinguish between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes; ii. analyze the processes of electrolysis iii. apply Faraday’s laws of electrolysis to solve problems; iv. analyze discharge through gasses; v. determine some applications/uses of conduction of electricity through gasses
38	ELEMENTARY MODERN PHYSICS
	(i) models of the atom and their limitations (ii) elementary structure of the atom; (iii) energy levels and spectra (iv) thermionic and photoelectric emissions; (v) Einstein’s equation and stopping potential (vi) applications of thermionic emissions and photoelectric effects (vii) simple method of production of x-rays (viii) properties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma rays (xiii) half-life and decay constant (xiv) simple ideas of production of energy by fusion and fission (xv) binding energy, mass defect and Einstein’s Energy equation [\(\Delta E = \Delta MC2\)] (xvi) wave-particle paradox (duality of matter) (xvii) electron diffraction (xviii) the uncertainty principle	Candidates should be able to: i. identify the models of the atom and write their limitations; ii. describe elementary structure of the atom; iii. differentiate between the energy levels and spectra of atoms; iv. compare thermionic emission and photoelectric emission; v. apply Einstein’s equation to solve problems of photoelectric effect. vi. calculate the stopping potential; vii. relate some application of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects; viii. interpret the process involved in the production of x-rays. ix identify some properties and applications of x-rays x. analyze elementary radioactivity xi. distinguish between stable and unstable nuclei; xii. identify isotopes of an element; xiii. compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays; xiv. relate half-life and decay constant of a radioactive element; xv. determine the binding energy, mass defect and Einstein’s energy equation; xvi. analyze wave particle duality; xvii. solve some numerical problems based on the uncertainty principle and wave – particle duality
39	INTRODUCTORY ELECTRONICS
	(i) distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators (elementary knowledge of band gap is required) (ii) intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; (iii) uses of semiconductors and diodes in rectification and transistors in amplification (iv) n-type and p-type semiconductors (v) elementary knowledge of diodes and transistors	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between conductors, semi- conductors and insulators; ii. distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; iii. distinguish between electron and hole carriers; iv. distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductor; v. analyze diodes and transistor vi. relate diodes to rectification and transistors to amplification.

WAEC Physics Textbooks 2026/2027

Ike, E.E. (2014). Essential Principles of Physics, Jos ENIC Publishers.
Ike, E.E. (2014). Numerical Problems and Solutions in Physics, Jos: ENIC Publishers.
Nelson, M. (1977). Fundamentals of Physics, Great Britain: Hart Davis Education.
Nelson, M. and Parker … (1989). Advanced Level Physics, (Sixth Edition): Heinemann.
Okeke, P.N. and Anyakoha, M.W. (2000). Senior Secondary School Physics, Lagos: Pacific Printers.
Olumuyiwa, A. and Ogunkoya, O. O. (1992). Comprehensive Certificate Physics, Ibadan: University Press Plc.

October 28, 2025

WAEC Biology Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Biology Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks is a comprehensive guide covering the fundamental concepts of living organisms, their functions, and their interactions with the environment. The exam is split into three papers: a multiple-choice paper, a theory/essay paper, and a practical exam. The main topics are consistent with previous years, but some aspects of the examination are changing. Notably, the 2026 WASSCE is planned to be fully computer-based for the multiple-choice section.

WAEC Biology Examination Guide 2026/2027

The JAMB Biology exam is structured to assess candidates’ knowledge and understanding of key biological concepts and principles. It consists of multiple-choice questions that cover a wide range of topics outlined in the official syllabus. Biology is a compulsory subject for most science-related, educational, and medical courses, making it essential for students aspiring to study fields such as Medicine, Pharmacy, Biotechnology, and Microbiology.

To perform well in the exam, students are advised to study the syllabus thoroughly and practice regularly with past questions. Familiarity with the syllabus helps candidates focus their preparation on the right areas and understand the depth of knowledge required for each topic.

The JAMB Biology syllabus is divided into five major sections: A — Variety of Organisms, B — Forms and Functions, C — Ecology, D — Heredity and Variation, and E — Evolution.

Objective

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Biology is to prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their understanding of the course objectives, which are to:

Candidates must D=demonstrate sufficient knowledge of the concepts of diversity, interdependence, and unity of life;
Candidates should be able to account for continuity of life through reorganization, inheritance and evolution;
Candidate should be able to apply biological principles and concepts to everyday life, especially to matters affecting living things, individuals, society, the environment, community health, and the economy.

WAEC Biology Syllabus 2026/2027

JAMB BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	VARIETY OF ORGANISMS
	1. Living organisms: Characteristics Cell structure and functions of cell Components Level of organization i. Cell e.g. euglena and paramecium, ii. Tissue, e.g. epithelial tissues and hydra iii. Organ, e.g. onion bulb iv. Systems, e.g. reproductive, digestive and excretory v. Organisms e.g. Chlamydomonas 2. Evolution among the following: Monera (prokaryotes), e.g. bacteria and blue-green algae. Protista (protozoa and protophyta), e.g. Amoeba, Euglena and Paramecium Fungi, e.g. mushroom and Rhizopus. Plantae (plants) i. Thallophyta (e.g. Spirogyra) ii. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts) e.g. Brachymenium and Marchantia. iii. Pteridophyta (ferns) e.g. Dryopteris. iv. Spermatophyta (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) – Gymnosperms e.g. Cycads and conifers. – Angiosperms (monocots, e.g. maize; dicots, e.g. water leaf) Animalia (animals) i. Invertebrates – coelenterate (e.g. Hydra) – Platyhelminthes (flatworms) e.g. Taenia – Nematoda (roundworms) – Annelida (e.g. earthworm) – Arthropoda e.g. mosquito, cockroach, housefly, bee, butterfly – Mollusca (e.g. snails) ii) Multicellular animals (vertebrates) – pisces (cartilaginous and bony fish) – Amphibia (e.g. toads and frogs) – Reptilia (e.g. lizards, snakes and turtles) – Aves (birds) – Mammalia (mammals) 3. Variety of Organisms Structural/functional and behavioral adaptations of organisms. Adaptive colouration and its functions Behavioral adaptations in social animals Structural adaptations in organisms	Candidates should be able to: i. Differentiate between the characteristics of living and non-living things. ii. identify the structures of plants and animal cells. iii. analyze the functions of the components of plants and animal cells. iv. compare and contrast the structure of plant and animal cells. v. trace the levels of organization among organisms in their logical sequence in relation to the five levels of organization of living organisms. Candidates should be able to: i. analyse external features and characteristics of the listed organisms: ii. apply the knowledge from (i) above to demonstrate increase in structural complexity. iii. trace the stages in the life histories of the listed organisms. iv. apply the knowledge of the life histories to demonstrate gradual transition from life in water to life on land. v. trace the evolution of the listed plants. Candidates should be able to: i. trace the advancement of the invertebrate animals. ii. determine the economic importance of the insects studied. iii. asses their values to the environment. i. trace the advancement of multi-cellular animals. ii. determine their economic importance. Candidates should be able to: i. Describe how the various structures, functions and behavior adapt these organisms to their environment, and way of life Candidates should be able to: i. Categorize countershading in fish, toads and snakes and warning colouration in mushrooms. Candidates should be able to: i. Differentiate various castes in social insects like termites and their functions in their colony hive. ii. Account for basking in lizards, territorial behaviour of other animals under unfavourable conditions (hibernation and aestivation). Candidates should be able to account for adaptation in organisms with respect to the following: i. Obtaining food (beaks and legs of birds, mouthparts of insects especially mosquito, butterfly and moth.) ii. Protection and defense (stick insects, praying mantis and toad). iii. Securing mates (redhead male and female Agama lizards, display of fathers by birds). iv. Regulating body temperature (skin, feathers and hairs) v. Conserving water (spines in plants and scales in mammals).
	FORM AND FUNCTIONS
	1. Internal structure of a flowering plant i. Root ii. Stem iii. Leaf Internal structure of a mammal 2. Nutrition Modes of nutrition i. Autotrophic ii. Heterotrophic Types of Nutrition Plant nutrition i. Photosynthesis ii. Mineral requirements (macro and micro-nutrients) Animal nutrition i. Classes of food substances; carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins, mineral salts and water ii. Food tests (e.g. starch, reducing sugar, protein, oil, fat etc. iii. The mammalian tooth (structures, types and functions iv. Mammalian alimentary canal v. Nutrition process (ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of digested food. 3. Transport Need for transportation Materials for transportation. (Excretory products, gasses, manufactured food, digested food, nutrient, water and hormones) Channels for transportation i. Mammalian circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries) ii Plant vascular system (phloem and xylem) Media and processes of mechanism for transportation. 4. Respiration Respiration Respiratory organs and surfaces The mechanism of gaseous exchange in: i. Plants ii. Mammals Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 5. Excretion Types of excretory structures: i. contractile vacuole ii flame cell, iii. nephridium iv. Malpighian tubule v. kidney vi. stoma and lenticel. Excretory mechanisms: i. Kidneys ii. lungs ii. skin Excretory products of plants 6. Support and movement Tropic, tactic, nastic and sleep movements in plants supporting tissues in animals Types and functions of the skeleton i. Exoskeleton ii. Endoskeleton iii. Functions of the skeleton in animals 7. Reproduction Asexual reproduction i. Fission as in Paramecium ii. Budding as in yeast iii. Natural vegetative propagation iv. Artificial vegetative propagation. sexual reproduction in flowering plants i. Floral parts and their functions ii. Pollination and fertilization iii. products of sexual reproduction Reproduction in mammals i. structures and functions of the male and female reproductive organs ii. Fertilization and development. (Fusion of gametes) 8. Growth Meaning of growth Germination of seeds and condition necessary for germination of seeds. 9. Coordination and control Nervous coordination: i. The components, structure and functions of the central nervous system; ii. The components and functions of the peripheral nervous systems; iii. Mechanism of transmission of impulses; iv. Reflex action The sense organs i. skin (tactile) ii. nose (olfactory) iii. tongue (taste) iv. eye (sight) v. ear (auditory) Hormonal control i. Animal hormonal system – Pituitary – thyroid – parathyroid – adrenal gland – pancreas – gonads ii. Plant hormones (phytohormones) Homeostasis i. Body temperature regulation ii. Salt and water regulation	Candidates should be able to: i. Identify the transverse sections of these organs. ii. Relate the structure of these organs to their functions. iii. Identify supporting tissues in plants (collenchyma) sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem fibres) iv. Describe the distribution of supporting tissues in roots, stem and leaf Candidates should be able to: i. examine the arrangement of the mammalian internal organs. ii. describe the appearance and position of the digestive, reproductive and excretory organs. Candidates should be able to: i. compare the photosynthetic and chemosynthetic modes of nutrition; ii. provide examples from both flowering and non-flowering plants iii. compare autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition. Candidates should be able to: i. Differentiate the following examples: – holozoic (sheep and man) – Parasitic (roundworm, tapeworm and Loranthus) – saprophytic (Rhizopus and mushroom) – carnivorous plants (sundew and bladderwort) ii. determine their nutritional value. Candidates should be able to: i. Differentiate the light and dark reactions, and state conditions necessary for photosynthesis. ii. determine the necessity of light, carbon (IV) oxide and chlorophyll in photosynthesis. iii. detect the presence of starch in a leaf as an evidence of photosynthesis. Candidates should be able to: i. identify macro and micro-elements required by plants. ii. recognise the deficiency symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Candidates should be able to: i. indicate the sources of the various classes of food; ii. relate the importance and deficiency e.g. scurvy, rickets, kwashiorkor etc. of each class; iii. determine the importance of a balanced diet. Candidates should be able to; i. Detect the presence of the listed food items from the result of a given experiment. Candidates should be able to: i. describe the structure of a typical mammalian tooth; ii. differentiate the types of mammalian tooth and relate their structures to their functions. iii. compare the dental formulae of man, sheep, and dog. Candidates should be able to: i. relate the structure of the various components of the alimentary canal and its accessory organs (liver, pancreas, and gallbladder) to their functions. Candidates should be able to: i. identify the general characteristics of digestive enzymes; ii. associate enzymes with digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; iii. determine the end products of these classes of food Candidates should be able to: i. determine the relationship between increase in size and complexity and the need for the development of a transport system in plants and animals. Candidates should be able to: i. determine the sources of materials and the forms in which they are transported. Candidates should be able to: i. describe the general circulatory system; ii. compare specific functions of the hepatic portal vein, the pulmonary vein and artery, aorta, the renal artery and vein Candidates should be able to: i. identify the organs of the plant vascular system. ii. understand the specific functions of the phloem and xylem. Candidates should be able to: i. identify media of transportation (e.g. cytoplasm, cell sap, body fluid, blood and lymph); ii. know the composition and functions of blood and lymph; iii. describe diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis and turgidity as mechanisms of transportation in organisms. iv. compare the various mechanisms of open circulatory systems, in animal transpiration pull, root pressure and active transport as mechanisms of transportation in plants. Candidates should be able to: i. examine the significance of respiration; ii. describe a simplified outline of the chemical process involved in glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle with reference to the role ATP iii deduce from an experimental setup, gaseous exchange and products, exchange and production of heat energy during respiration. Candidates should be able to: i. describe the following respiratory organs and surfaces with organisms in which they occur; body surface, gill, trachea, lungs, stomata and lenticel. Candidates should be able to: i. describe the mechanism for the opening and closing of the stomata; ii. determine respiratory movements in these animals. Candidates should be able to: iii. examine the role of oxygen in the liberation of energy for the activities of the living organisms; iv. deduce the effect of insufficient supply of oxygen to the muscles. Candidates should be able to: i. use yeast cells and sugar solution to demonstrate the process of fermentation. ii. know the economic importance of yeasts. Candidates should be able to: i. define the meaning and state the significance of excretion; ii. relate the characteristics of each structure with functions. Candidates should be able to: i. relate the structure of the kidneys to the excretory and osmo-regulatory functions. ii. identify the functions and excretory products of the lungs and the skin. Candidates should be able to: i. deduce the economic importance of the excretory products of plants, e.g carbon (IV) oxide, oxygen, tannins, resins, gums, mucilage, alkaloids etc. Candidates should be able to: i. determine the need for support and movement in organisms; ii. identify supporting tissues in plants (collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem fibers); iii. describe the distribution of supporting tissues in roots, stem, and leaf. Candidates should be able to: i. relate the response of plants to the stimuli of light, water, gravity and touch; ii. identify the regions of growth in roots and shoots and the roles of auxins in tropism. Candidates should be able to: i. relate the location of chitin, cartilage and bone to their supporting function. ii. relate the structure and the general layout of the mammalian skeleton to their supportive, locomotive and respiratory function. iii. differentiate types of joints using appropriate examples. Candidates should be able to: i. apply the protective, supportive, locomotive and respiratory functions of the skeleton to the well being of the animal. Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction ii. apply natural vegetative propagation in crop production and multiplication. iii. apply grafting, budding and layering in agricultural practices. Candidates should be able to: i. relate parts of flower to their functions and reproductive process ii. deduce the advantages of cross-pollination. iii. deduce the different types of placentation that develop into simple, aggregate, multiple and succulent fruits. Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between male and female reproductive organs ii. relate their structure and function to the production of offspring. Candidates should be able to: i. describe the fusion of gametes as a process of fertilization. ii. relate the effects of the mother’s health, nutrition and indiscriminate use of drugs on the developmental stages of the embryo up to birth. iii. Modern methods of regulating reproduction on e.g. invitro-fertilization and birth control. Candidates should be able to: i. apply the knowledge of the conditions necessary for germination on plants growth. ii. differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination. Candidates should be able to: i. apply the knowledge of the structure and function of the central nervous system in the coordination of body functions in organisms. ii. illustrate reflex actions such as blinking of the eyes, knee jerk etc. iii. differentiate between reflex and voluntary actions as well as conditioned reflexes such as salivation, riding a bicycle and swimming. Candidates should be able to: i. associate the listed sense organs with their functions. ii. apply the knowledge of the structure and functions of these sense organs in detecting and correcting their defects. Candidates should be able to: i. locate the listed endocrine glands in animals. ii. relate the hormone produced by each of these glands to their functions. iii. examine the effects of various phytohormones (e.g. auxins, gibberellin, cytokinin, and ethylene) on growth, tropism, flowering, fruit ripening and leaf abscission. Candidates should be able to: i. relate the function of hormones to regulating the levels of materials inside the body.
3	ECOLOGY
	1. Factors affecting the distribution of Organisms: i. Abiotic ii. Biotic 2. Symbiotic interactions of plants and animals Energy flow in the ecosystem: food chains, food webs and trophic levels Nutrient cycling in nature i. carbon cycle ii. water cycle iii. Nitrogen cycle 3. Natural Habitats Aquatic (e.g. ponds, streams, lakes seashores and mangrove swamps) Terrestrial/arboreal (e.g. tree-tops of oil palm, abandoned farmland or a dry grassy (savanna) field, and burrow or hole. 4. Local (Nigerian) Biomes Tropical rainforest Guinea savanna (southern and northern) Sudan Savanna Desert Highlands of montane forests and grasslands of the Obudu, Jos, Mambilla Plateau. 5. The Ecology of Populations: Population density and overcrowding. Adaptation for survival i. Factors that bring about competition ii. Intra and inter-specific competition iii. Relationship between competition and succession. Factors affecting population sizes: i. Biotic (e.g. food, pest, disease, predation, competition, reproductive ability). ii. Abiotic (e.g. temperature, space, light, rainfall, topography, pressure, pH, etc. Ecological succession i. primary succession ii. secondary succession 6. SOIL characteristics of different types of soil (sandy, loamy, clayey) i. soil structure ii. porosity, capillarity and humus content Components of the soil i. inorganic ii. organic iii. soil organisms iv. Soil air v. Soil water Soil fertility: i. loss of soil fertility ii. Renewal and maintenance of soil fertility 7. Humans and Environment Diseases: (i) Common and endemic diseases. ii. Easily transmissible diseases and disease syndrome such as: – poliomyelitis – cholera – tuberculosis – sexually transmitted disease/syndrome (gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, etc. Pollution and its control (i) sources, types, effects and methods of control. (ii) Sanitation and sewage conservation of Natural Resources Game reserves and National parks	Candidates should be able to: A. i. deduce the effects of temperature; rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, altitude, salinity, turbidity, pH and edaphic (soil) conditions on the distribution of organisms. ii. use appropriate equipment (e.g. secchi disc, thermometer, rain gauge etc) to measure abiotic factors. Candidates should be able to: B. describe how the activities of plants/animals (particularly human) affect the distribution of organisms. Candidates should be able to: i. determine appropriate examples of symbiosis, parasitism, saprophytism, commensalism, mutualism, amensalism, competition, predation and cooperation among organisms. ii. associate the distribution of organisms with food chains and food webs in particular habitats. Candidates should be able to: i. food chains and webs Candidates should be able to: i. describe the cycle and its significance including the balance of atmospheric oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide and global warming. ii. assess the effects of the water cycle on other nutrient cycles. iii. relate the roles of bacteria and leguminous plants in the cycling of nitrogen. Candidates should be able to: i. associate plants and animals with each of these habitats. Candidates should be able to: i. relate adaptive features to the habitats in which organisms live. Candidates should be able to: i. locate biomes in regions ii. apply the knowledge of the features of the listed local biomes in determining the characteristics of different regions of Nigeria Candidates should be able to: i. determine the reasons for rapid changes in human population and the consequences of overcrowding. ii. compute/calculate density as the number of organisms per unit area. Candidates should be able to: i) Relate increase in population, diseases, shortage of food and space with intra- and inter-specific competition. ii) Determine niche differentiation as a means of reducing intraspecific completion. iii) Relate competition to succession. Candidates should be able to: i. deduce the effect of these factors on the size of the population. ii. determine the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, e.g. drought or scarcity of water which leads to food shortage and lack of space which causes increase in disease rates. Candidates should be able to: i. trace the sequence in succession to the climax stage of stability in plant population. Candidates should be able to: i. identify physical properties of different soil types based on simple measurement of particle size, porosity or water retention ability. ii. determine the amounts of air, water, humus and capillarity in different soil types experimentally. Candidates should be able to: i. relate soil characteristics, types and components to the healthy growth of plant. Candidates should be able to: i. relate such factors as loss of inorganic matter, compaction, leaching, erosion of the topsoil and repeated cropping with one variety. Candidates should be able to: i. apply the knowledge of the practice of contour ridging, terracing, mulching, poly-cropping, strip-cropping, use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, crop rotation, shifting cultivation, etc to enhance soil conservation. Candidates should be able to: i. identify ecological conditions that favor the spread of common endemic and potentially epidemic disease e.g. malaria, meningitis, dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, typhoid fever and cholera etc. ii. relate the biology of the vector or agent of each disease with its spread and control. Candidates should be able to: i. use the knowledge of the causative organisms, mode of transmission and symptoms of the listed diseases to their prevention/treatment/control. ii. apply the principles of inoculation and vaccination on disease prevention. Candidates should be able to: i. categorize pollution into air, water and soil pollution. ii. relate the effects of common pollutants to human health and environmental degradation. iii. determine the methods by which each pollutant may be controlled. Candidates should be able to: i. examine the importance of sanitation with emphasis on solid waste sewage disposal, community health and personal hygiene. ii assess the roles and functions of international and national health agencies (e.g. World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), International Red Cross Society (IRCS), and the ministries of health and environment. Candidates should be able to: (i) apply the various methods of conservation of both the renewable and non-renewable natural resources for the protection of our environment for present and future generations. (ii) outline the benefits of conserving natural resources, prevention of desertification. (iii) identify the bodies responsible for the conservation of resources at the national and international levels (e.g. Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria National Parks, World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and their activities. (iv) assess their activities. Candidates should be able to: i. Know the location and importance of game reserves and National parks in Nigeria
4	HEREDITY AND VARIATION
	(I) Variation In Population Morphological variations in the physical appearance of individuals. (i) size (height, weight) (ii) Colour (skin, eye, hair, coat of animals, scales and feathers. (iii) Fingerprints Physiological variation (i) Ability to roll tongue (ii) Ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) (iii) Blood groups Application of discontinuous variation in crime detection, blood transfusion and determination of paternity. 2. Heredity Inheritance of characters in organisms; i) Heritable and non-heritable characters. Chromosomes – the basis of heredity; (i) Structure (ii) Process of transmission of hereditary characters from parents to offspring. Probability in genetics and sex determination. Application of the principles of heredity in: i) Agriculture ii) Medicine Sex-linked characters e.g. baldness, hemophilia, color blindness, etc.	Candidates should be able to: i. differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variations with examples. ii. relate the role of environmental conditions, habitat and the genetic constitution to variation. Candidates should be able to: i) measure heights and weight of pupils of the same age group; ii) plot graphs of frequency distribution of the heights and weights. Candidates should be able to: i) observe and record various color patterns in some plants and mammals. Candidates should be able to: ii) apply classification of fingerprints in identity detection. Candidates should be able to: i) identify some specific examples of physiological variation among the human population. ii) categorize people according to their physiological variation. Candidates should be able to: i) apply the knowledge of blood groups in blood transfusion and determination of paternity. ii) use discontinuous variation in crime detection. Candidates should be able to: i. determine heritable and non-heritable characters with examples. ii. illustrate simple structure of DNA iii. illustrate segregation of genes at meiosis and recombination of genes at fertilization to account for the process of transmission of characters from parents to offsprings. iv deduce that segregation of genes occurs during gamete formation and that recombination of genes at fertilization is random in nature. Candidates should be able to: i. analyze data on cross-breeding experiments. ii. apply the principles of heredity in the production of new varieties of crops and livestock through cross-breeding. iii. deduce advantages and disadvantages of out-breeding and in-breeding. iv. analyze elementarily the contentious issues of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and gene therapy and biosafety. Candidates should be able to: i) apply the knowledge of heredity in marriage counselling with particular reference to blood grouping, sickle-cell anaemia and the Rhesus factors. ii) examine the significance of using recombinant DNA materials in the production of important medical products such as insulin, interferon and enzymes. Candidates should be able to: i) identify characters that are sex-linked
5	EVOLUTION
	1. Theories of evolution Lamarck’s theory Darwin’s theory organic theory 2. Evidence of evolution	Candidates should be able to: i.) relate organic evolution as the sum total of all adaptive changes that have taken place over a long period of time resulting in the diversity of forms, structure and functions among organisms. ii.) examine the contributions of Lamarck and Darwin to the theory of evolution. iii.) know evidences in support of organic evolution Candidates should be able to: i.) provide evidence for evolution such as fossil records, comparative anatomy, physiology and embryology. ii.) trace evolutionary trends in plants and animals. iii.) provide evidence for modern evolutionary theories such as genetic studies and the role of mutation.

WAEC Biology Textbooks 2026/2027

Ndu, F.O. C. Ndu, Abun A. and Aina J.O. (2001) Senior Secondary School Biology: Books 1 -3, Lagos: Longman.
Odunfa, S.A. (2001) Essential of Biology, Ibadan: Heinemann.
Ogunniyi M.B. Adebisi A.A. and Okojie J.A. (2000) Biology for Senior Secondary Schools: Books 1 – 3, Macmillan.
Ramalingam, S.T. (2005) Modern Biology, SS Science Series. New Edition, AFP.
Stan. (2004) Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. Revised Edition, Ibadan: Heinemann.
Stone R.H. and Cozens, A.B.C. (1982) Biology for West African Schools. Longman.
Usua, E.J. (1997) Handbook of practical Biology 2nd Edition, University Press, Limited

October 28, 2025

WAEC Music Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Music Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks: candidates should prepare for three papers: Paper 1 (theory and aural skills), Paper 2 (practical performance, sight-reading, and interpretation), and Paper 3 (a written paper on music history, analysis, and essays). The final syllabus will be released by WAEC and serves as the definitive guide for preparation.

This syllabus is designed for students who have a strong passion for music and wish to include it as one of their subjects in the JAMB (UTME) examination. Selecting music as part of your UTME subject combination typically indicates an interest in pursuing a degree in Music, Arts, or related disciplines at a higher institution.

The syllabus covers a wide range of topics essential for understanding and appreciating music. Students are expected to be familiar with musical notation, scales, harmony, rhythm, form, and different musical genres.

The exam will test knowledge of the historical development of music, influential composers, musical styles, and how culture has shaped music across different periods and regions. By studying the syllabus thoroughly, candidates can build a strong foundation that increases their confidence and likelihood of success in the exam.

Regarding the marking guide, the JAMB examination consists of a total of 180 questions. The Use of English section contains 60 questions, while each of the remaining three subjects has 40 questions.

Every subject apart from English is scored at 2.5 marks per question. For instance, scoring 30 out of 60 in Use of English gives 50%, while getting 28 out of 40 in Music results in 70% (28 × 2.5). Similarly, if a student scores 30 out of 40 in Fine Art and Government, each would yield 75%. Adding these results—50 + 70 + 75 + 75—gives a total score of 270 out of 400.

Objective

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Music is to prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives, which are to:

Candidates Must appreciate and discuss music fairly and critically;
Candidates Must identify, through written/oral analysis, the features of the music of different periods of Western and African music theory history, peoples, its forms, and the media;
Candidates Must appreciate the influence of socio-cultural and technological factors on the lives and music of musicians.

WAEC Music Syllabus 2026/2027

	JAMB MUSIC SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	RUDIMENTS OF MUSIC
	1.The staff: (a) great staff, (b) ledger lines and spaces, (c) open score (vocal score)and (d) C clef, alto (viola clef), and tenor clef. 2. Music Notes/Rests and their corresponding values. 3. Time/Time signature:(simple and compound time signatures), the correct grouping of notes, and barring of unbarred passages. 4. A–Key signatures and scales: (i) technical names of the various degrees of the scale (ii) diatonic major/minor (natural, harmonic, and melodic) (iii) chromatic scales. (iv) Determination of the key of a piece of music with or without key signature NOT exceeding two sharps and two flats. 5. (a) Keyboard setting and enharmonic equivalents (b) Accidentals 6. Intervals: 6a. Recognition of diatonic/ chromatic intervals and their inversions (e.g. perfect unison, perfect 4th, perfect 5th, perfect 8ve), major/minor 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 7th, diminished 5th, and augmented 4th 6b. Recognition of consonant and dissonant intervals. 7. Definition of simple musical terms, signs, and abbreviations 8. (a) Transcription of music from staff into tonic solfa notation and vice-versa. (b) Transposition using the treble (G) and bass (F) staves NOT exceeding two sharps and two flats	Candidates should be able to identify all the components of the staff and their application. Candidates should be able to determine the relative duration of different notes and rests Candidates should be able to interpret varied rhythmic patterns Candidates should be able to: i. ascertain names of the various degrees of the diatonic scales. ii. identify simple scale passages with or without key signature. Candidates should be able to identify the names of the white and black keys and their relationship, e.g. (C sharp = D\(^b\) = B\(^x\)) Candidates should be able to determine different qualities of intervals (melodic and harmonic) Candidates should be able to interpret simple musical signs and terms. Candidates should be able to: i.read music in any given notation. ii. rewrite a music passage on a given stave
2	ELEMENTARY HARMONY
	1.Triads and their inversions in major/minor keys, NOT exceeding two sharps and two flats. (a) Primary triads in major keys. (b) Secondary triads in major keys. NOTE A: CHORD INDICATIONS (i) major triads are indicated with capital Roman numerals e.g. I (ii) minor triads are indicated with small Roman numerals e.g. ii (iii) diminished triads are indicated with small Roman numerals with a “o” sign, e.g.vii\(^o\) (iv) augmented triads are indicated with capital numerals with a “+”, e.g III\(^+\) NOTE B:(I) In any major scale, major triads are I, IV and V (ii) minor triads are ii, iii and vi (iii) diminished triad is vii\(^o\) NOTE C: (i) In any harmonic minor, minor triads are i and iv (ii) major triads are V and VI (iii) diminished triads are ii\(^o\) and vii\(^o\) (vi) augmented triad is III\(^+\) NOTE D: Primary triads are I, IV and V in major scales but i, iv, and V in harmonic minor scales 2.(a) Basic chord progressions in four parts vocal style (SATB) in major keys NOT exceeding two sharps and two flats. (b) Dominant 7th chord in root position only 3. Kinds of motion; Parallel, similar, contrary and oblique. 4.Cadences in major keys NOT exceeding two sharps and two flats. (a) perfect/ full close cadence (b) imperfect/ half close/ semi cadence. (c) plagal/Amen cadence (d) interrupted / deceptive / evaded / surprise cadence 5.Non-harmonic tones/Non-chord tones; identification and application of the following: (a) neighboring tones/auxiliary notes (b) passing tones/notes 6.MODULATION: Simple diatonic modulations (using a single melodic line) from any given major key NOT exceeding two sharps and two flats to any of its closely related keys (dominant and subdominant). 7.Elementary Composition: (a) Setting of words to written melody: (b) Recognition of suitable answers to given musical phrases	Candidates should be able to: i.identify triads; ii. compare types of triads; iii. determine the use of triads. Candidates should be able to: i. determine the basic chord progressions in a music passage. ii. recognize the dominant 7th chord Candidates should be able to identify the various kinds of motion in a musical passage Candidates should be able to identify the various types of cadences in a musical score. Candidates should be able to relate harmonic or non-harmonic tones to the chords with which they are associated. Candidates should be able to determine the key of a given melody and its modulation. Candidates should be able to identify suitable melody to given words, compatible and balanced (parallel or contrasting) phrases
3	HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF AFRICAN MUSIC
	1.Nigerian folksongs, types, forms, and characteristics. (a) Types: cradle, folk-tales, games, war, satirical, dirges/funeral, historical, praise and worksong,etc. (b) Forms: call and response, strophic, through –composed, etc. (c) Characteristics: (i) Vocal styles: recitative, yodeling, ululation, incantation, heaving, whistling, etc. (ii) Scales/modes: tritonic, tetratonic, pentatonic, hexatonic etc, (iii) Metre/Rhythm: Metric and non-metric, polymetric, cross-rhythm, syncopation, hemiola, polyrhythm, etc 2.General knowledge of the features and forms of Nigerian traditional music and other arts. (i) Festivals: e.g. Osun, Ifa, Ogun, Ekpo, Ofala, Iri-ji (New Yam Festival), Ovia Osese, Mmanwu (Masquerade), Ila-Oso, Argungu (Fishing), Eyo/Adamu –Orisa, Gelede, etc. (ii) Dancesand other arts: Social, Ritual and Ceremonial e.g. Masquerade, Koroso, Atilogwu, Ikperikpe (Wardance), Egedeege, Kwaghir, Agbon, Nkwa Umuagbogho, Bata, Bori, Swange, Dundun, Kokoma, Abigbo, Okonko, etc 3.INSTRUMENTS: Nigerian traditional musical instruments: CLASSIFICATIONS: (a) Aerophones: (i) kakaki, algaita, sarewa, pedete, obati, farai, kaho, imar, mongom, taluk, damalgo, etc. (ii) oja, opi, pipilo, odu, nnuk,ofiom, akpele, etc. (iii) ekutu, teremagbe, ayeta-ode, odikakora, etc. (b) Chordophones: (i) goge, kukuma, komo, kwamsa, kuntigi, lasha, molo, garaya, gurmi, etc. (ii) une, ubo-akwara, etc. (iii) goje, molo, etc (c) Idiophones: (i) kundung, karawa, shantu, etc. (ii) oyo, ichaka, ogene, aja, ekpili, ekwe, udu, ikoro, ngedegwu, okpokoro, ekere, mgbiligba, alo, ubo-aka, etc. (iii) sekere, agogo, agidigbo, alọ, oma, aro, ukuse, eromwon, etc (d) Membranophones: (i) ganga, tambari, taushi, banga, balle, kuntuku, kalangu, gangan-noma, tandu, etc. (ii) igba, nsing, ban yogume, emoba, etc. (iii) ipese, igbin, bata, bembe, gudugudu, kanango, dundun, agidigbo, gangan, etc 4.Knowledge of the lives and music of the following African traditional musicians: A. NIGERIANS (i) Sani Sabulu, Sani Dan Indo, Hassan Wayam, Barmani Coge, Danlami Nasarawa, Garba Super, Dankwairo, Aminu mai Asharalle, Shehu Ajilo, Dan Maraya Jos, Dan Alalo, Mamman Shata, Haruna Uje, etc. (ii) Ezigbo Obiligbo, Seven-Seven, Morocco Maduka, Okechukwu Nwatu, Mike Ejeagha, Afam Ogbuotobo etc. (iii) Kokoro, (the blind Minstrel), Anikura, Tunde Alao,Olanrewaju Adepoju, Ademola Onibon-okuta, Elemure Ogunyemi, Comfort Omoge etc B. OTHER AFRICANS Vinoko Akpalu, Daniel Amponsah (alias koo Nimo), EfuaBasa, Kwaa Mensah etc. 5.Evolution and Development of African Popular Music Highlife, Afro-beat, Fuji, Apala, Reggae, Makosa, Ikwokirikwo, Okukuseku, Ekassa, Akuko na egwu, Awurebe, Waka, Hiplife, Hip-hop, Juju etc. 6.Knowledge of the lives and music of the following African Popular Musicians: A. NIGERIANS: Bongos Ikwe, Oliver De Coque, Nelly Uchendu, Osita Osadebe, Bright Chimezie, Bobby Benson, Victor Uwaifo, Sonny Okosun, Fela Anikulapo Kuti, I. K. Dairo, Victor Olaiya, Ebenezer Obey, Sunny Ade, Fatai Rolling Dollar, Bala Miller, Alhaji Uba Rawa, Zaaki Adzee, 2Face, PSquare, Djnee, Paul Play Dairo, Eedris Abdulkareem, D’Banj, SunnyNeji, Lagbaja, Zule Zoo, Daddy Showkey, Majek Fashek, Ras Kimono, Jeremiah Gyang,Flavour, Olamide, M.I, Iyanya, Wizkid,Davido, Omawunmi, Lara George, Sola Allynson, Ara, Asa, Onyeka Onwenu, Christy Essien-Igbokwe, Nasir Hausawa etc B. OTHER AFRICANS: Manu Dibango, E. T. Mensah, Jerry Hansen, Kofi Olomide, Awilo Logomba, Papa Wemba, Salif Kaita, Angelina Kidjo, Lucky Dube, Yvonne Chakachaka, Brenda Fasie,Sarkodieetc. 7. Knowledge of the lives and music of the following African Art Musicians: A. NIGERIANS: W. W. C. Echezona, Laz Ekwueme, Sam Akpabot, Ikoli Harcourt Whyte, Joshua Uzoigwe, Mosun Omibiyi-Obidike, Tunji Vidal, Ademola Adegbite, Yemi Olaniyan, Ayo Bankole, Akin Euba, Sam Ojukwu, A. K. Achinivu, Bode Omojola, Felix Nwuba, ChristopherOyesiku, Dayo Dedeke, Adams Fiberesima, Dan Agu, Chris Onyeji, Godwin Sadoh, Meki Nzewi, etc. B. OTHER AFRICANS: Joseph S. Maison, N. Z. Nayo, J. H. Kwabena Nketia, GymahLabi,Philip Gbeho, Ephraim Amu, C.K. Adom, A.A. Mensah, C.W.K. Mereku, etc.	Candidates should be able to: i. identify various folksongs and their types; ii. define and compare their forms and features Candidates should be able to: i.analyse the features and forms of Nigerian traditional music and the arts; ii. differentiate between the various types of festivals and dances Candidates should be able to: i.differentiate between the various types and classes of musical instruments; ii. classify them into their categories Candidates should be able to: i.identify different groups to which various musicians belong; ii. trace their biographies; iii. analyze their musical styles; iv. assess their contributions to the music industry. Candidates should be able to: i.differentiate one musical genre from another; ii. examine their influence on society Candidates should be able to: i.relate the musicians to the music they perform; ii. trace their biographies iii. examine their type of music; iv. assess their contributions to the development of music. Candidates should be able to: i.relate the musicians to the music they perform: ii. trace their biographies; iii. examine their type of music; iv. assess their contributions to the development of music
4	HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF WESTERN MUSIC
	1.(A) Historical development of Western music styles in respect of the periods (i) Medieval/Middle Age (800 –1400). (ii) Renaissance period (1400 –1600). (iii) Baroque period (1600 –1750). (iv) Classical period (1750 –1820). (v) Romantic period (1820 –1900). B.COMPOSERS Palestrina, Claudio Monteverdi, Henry Purcell, J.S. Bach, G. F. Handel, W. A. Mozart, FranzJoseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Frederic Chopin, etc. 2.MUSIC FORMS AND MEDIA: (i) Binary, Ternary, Rondo, SonataAllegro, Dance Suite, Canon, Free Fantasia, Theme and variation, etc. (ii) Orchestral and Band instruments and classifications (iii) The human voice (its types, ranges and qualities) (iv) Keyboard Instruments–the organ, piano and electronic keyboard, e.t.c. (v) Knowledge of the following instruments: ukulele,banjo, guitar, mandolin, harp, accordion, xylophone, marimba, etc. (vi) Computer Music Technology: software (Finale, Sibelius,Cubase, Reason,Sound Forge Nero), tuning fork, pitch pipe etc	Candidates should be able to trace the stages of the development of western musical practice from the medieval to the end of the romantic period. Candidates should be able to: i.identify the composers; ii.assess their contributions. Candidates should be able to: i. identify the general forms and various types of instruments in Western music. ii. relate music to modern technology
5	COMPARATIVE MUSIC STUDIES
	1.An overview of the following black musicians (composers, performers, etc) in the diaspora. Mighty Sparrow, James Brown, Bob Marley, Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, R. Kelly, Lorrinan Hill, Kirk Franklin, Tupac Shakur, Shabba Ranks, Quincy Jones, Boyz II Men, Sean Paul, Janet Jackson, Whitney Houston, Beyonce,Brandy, Usher, Kevin Lyttle, Bobby Brown, M. C. Hammer, L. L. Cool J., Dr. Dre, Snoop Doggy, Mary J. Blige, Jay Z, Chris Brown, Bruno Mars, Neo, Rihanna etc. 2. Forms to be examined include negro spiritual, gospel music, jazz, rhythm and blues, soul, calypso, rock ‘n’ roll, reggae, afro-beat, tango, rap, chachacha, bolero, twist, hip-hop, etc. 3.The spirit of nationalism in Nigerian music.	Candidates should be able to: i. identify the musicians in the diaspora; ii. assess their musical influence on the global society. Candidates should be able to: i.identify the various forms of musical genres; ii. trace the origins of the musical genres. Candidates should be able to: i. identify some of the features and materials used by nationalist composers to create, project and sustain cultural and patriotic awareness; ii. assess their roles in Nigerian nationalism.

WAEC Music Textbooks 2026/2027

Akpabot, S. E. (1986).Foundation of Nigerian Traditional Music, Ibadan: Spectrum.
Associated Board of the Royal School of Music (1958).Rudiments and Theory of Music,London.
Cole, W. (1969).The Form of Music, London: The Associated Board of the Royal Schools Of Music.
Echezona, W. W. C. (1981). Nigerian Musical Instruments, Enugu: Apollo Publishing Ltd.
Ekwueme, L. (1993).Choir Training and Choral Conducting for Africans, Lagos: Lenaus Advertising and Publishing Company.
Holst, I. (1963).An ABC of Music, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hosier, (1961).Instruments of the Orchestra Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hunt, R. (1960).Elements of Music.
Inanga, A. (1993).Music for Secondary Schools Vols. I and II, Ibadan: Spectrum
Kamien, R. (1990). Music: An Appreciation,London: McGraw –Hill Publishing Company.
Kennedy, M. (1985).The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, (Third Edition), London: Oxford University Press.
Kitson, C. H. (1978).Elementary Harmony Book 2,London: Oxford University Press.
Kofoworola, Z. O. And Lateef, Y. (1987). Hausa performing Arts and Music,Lagos:Nigeria Magazine.
Lovelock, W. (1953).A Concise History of Music,London: Bell and Hyman.
Lovelock, W.(1996).The Rudiments of Music, London. G. Bell and sons Limited.
Machlis, J. (1977). The Enjoyment of Music,New York: W.W. Norton.
Mensah, A. A. (Undated) Folk Songs for Schools, Accra.
Morris, R. O. (1974).The Oxford Harmony, Vol. I, London: Oxford University Press.
Nketia, J. H. (1974).African Music,New York: W. W. Norton Company.
Palmer, K. (1965).Teach Yourself Music, London: The English University Press Limited.
Reed, H. O. (1954).Basic Music: A Basic Theory Test, New York:, N. Y. Mills Music Inc.
Taylor, E. (1989).The Guide to Music Theory,London: The Associated Board of The Royal School of Music.
Warburton, A.O. (1955).Graded Music Course for Schools, Books I –III, London: Longman

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October 28, 2025

WAEC Food and Nutrition Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Food and Nutrition Syllabus 2026/2027 will cover core topics like nutrition, food nutrients, and meal planning. Candidates should expect to study the importance of nutrition, the functions and sources of different nutrients, dietary deficiencies, and special nutritional needs for various age groups and health conditions. The syllabus also includes food preservation, storage, preparation methods, consumer education, and careers in the field.

The WAEC Food and Nutrition syllabus is a comprehensive guide for students preparing for the exam. It outlines key topics, objectives, and recommended textbooks, giving you the information needed to perform well. Studying the syllabus and practicing past questions will give you an advantage over candidates who rely solely on school notes.

WAEC Examination Guide 2026/2027

Paper 1: 60 multiple-choice questions, to be answered in 1 hour for 60 marks.
Paper 2: 6 essay questions; candidates must answer 4 in 1 hour and 15 minutes for 40 marks.
Paper 3: Practical test lasting 3 hours, conducted by a visiting examiner, for 100 marks.

Make sure to review the syllabus thoroughly to understand the exam expectations.

WAEC Food and Nutrition Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC FOOD & NUTRITION SYLLABUS
TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
NUTRITION & HEALTH	i. Introduction to Foods and Nutrition (a) Meaning (b) Basic knowledge of Nutrition (c) Importance of Human Nutrition (d) Factors affecting Foods and Nutrition (e) Food Habits ii. Careers associated with Foods and Nutrition. (a) Careers associated with Foods and Nutrition (b) Factors that influence career choices (c) Characteristics required for Foods and Nutrition careers iii. Basic Food Nutrients (a) The nutrients and their nutritive values (b) Functions of the different nutrients (c) Sources of the different nutrients (d) Dietary deficiencies (e) Metabolism, (digestion and absorption of foods carbohydrate, protein and fat) (f) Knowledge and use of food composition table (g) Food tests: simple physical and chemical tests of food stuffs to detect presence of nutrients in foods e.g. proteins, fats and carbohydrates iv. Meal Management a) Meal Planning (i) Meal planning terms (ii) Reasons for planning meals (iii) Factors in planning meals (iv) General principles of meal planning (v) Meal patterns b) Special Nutritional Needs (i) Nutritional needs for different groups e.g. pregnant, lactating mothers, infants and children, adolescents, adults and the aged, vegetarians. (ii) Planning meals for people in health condition e.g. HIV & AIDS, invalids, convalescents, overweight, underweight, hypertension, diabetes etc
FOOD LABORATORY & EQUIPMENTS	i. The kitchen (a) Types of kitchen e.g. traditional, modern, institutional. (b) Planning different types of kitchen. (c) Factors to consider when planning. (d) Cleaning agents and abrasives (commercial and local) ii. Kitchen equipment and tools (a) Classes and types of equipment (b) Selection, use, care and storage of large and small equipment, fixtures and appliances iii. Safety in the kitchen (a) Types of kitchen accidents (b) Causes and prevention of accidents (c) Content and use of first aid box (d) Simple first aid treatment iv. Sanitation in the kitchen (a) Personal Hygiene (b) Kitchen Hygiene e.g. general cleaning, waste disposal, pests and pest control (c) Food hygiene e.g. handling of foods, food borne diseases, food sanitation laws
FOOD COMMODITIES	i. Animal and animal products – milk and milk products e.g Cheese, yoghurt, eggs, meat, poultry, fish etc. a) Kinds/types and structure -Selection -Storage ii. Cereals/grains (a) Kinds and forms (b) Importance of cereals and grains: – versatility – thickening – cheap source of energy/good source of roughage iii. Fruits and vegetables (a) Classification of fruits/Classification of vegetables. (b) Structure, nutritive value and storage. (c) Important of fruits and vegetables in the diet, etc iv. Legumes and oily seeds (a) Classification of legumes, oily seeds (b) Importance of legumes and oily seeds in the diet, etc. v. Fats and oils (a) Kinds and classification – vegetable fats and oils – animal fats and oils (b) Uses in diet (c) Uses in the body (d) Health implications of fats and oils vi. Starchy roots and plantain (a) Types of starchy roots (b) Types of plantain (c) Types of dishes
FOOD STORAGE & PRESERVATION	i. Food spoilage (a) Meaning of food spoilage (b) Causes and agents of food spoilage ii. Food preservation (a) Meaning and importance of preservation (b) General principles underlying food preservation (c) Methods of food preservation iii. Food storage (a) Meaning and importance of food storage (b) Storage of perishable and non perishable foods (c) Storage space and equipment e.g. refrigeration, deep freezer, cupboards, shelves, granaries, barns etc
FOOD PREPARATION	i. Principles underlying cooking (a) Explanation of the concept of cooking (b) Reasons for cooking food ii. Methods of cooking (a) Moist heat methods e.g. boiling, stewing, steaming etc. (b) Dry heat methods e.g. baking, roasting, grilling, frying etc. (c) Effects of heat on different food commodities e.g. animal products, cereals and grains, fats and oil etc iii. Transfer of heat Methods of heat transfer and meaning – Convection – liquid, gases – Radiation – space – conduction – solid metal iv. Cooking terms Explanation of cooking terms v. Food additives (a) Definitions (b) Types of food additives (c) Functions of additives (d) Selection and use of additives (e) Food adulteration vi. Flour Cookery and Confectionery a) Types of flour •Types of flour •Ingredients in flour •Uses of flour b) Basic ingredients in Flour cookery – Flour, fat, sugar, eggs c) Raising agents •Types of raising agents, i.e., steam, carbon dioxide and air •Sources:- boiling liquid – steam, baking powder – carbon dioxide whisking – air d) Batters and doughs • Batters (Types, Uses of batters. Dishes using batter) • Doughs ( biscuits, classification, rubbed in, creamed, whisked, melted, sponge mixtures) e) Cakes (rubbed in, creamed, whisked, melted, sponge mixtures) f) Pastries •Types of Pastries (Shortcrust, suet, flaky, etc.) •Principles underlying pastry making •Pastry dishes e.g. turn over; jam tartlets, cornish pasties, etc. g) Yeast Mixtures •Definition •Ways of preparing yeast mixture •Important points in preparing yeast mixture •Yeast dishes – bread loaves, bread rolls, doughnut h) Cake Decoration icing •Types of icing e.g. butter icing, royal icing •Uses of icing •Preparation of icing •Using royal icing and butter icing
BEVERAGES	i. Classification of beverages (a) Non-alcoholic beverages (coffee&tea, cocoa drink, milk & egg drinks, fruit juices & fruit drinks, beef tea & lemon grass) (b) Alcoholic (beer, wine)ii. Importance of beverages a) Nutritive valueiii. Principles underlining the preparation of a beverage a) Tea, coffee, cocoa, etc
CONVENIENCE FOODS	i. Types of convenience foods ii. Selection and uses of convenience foods iii. Advantages and disadvantages of using convenience foods iv. Preparation of dishes using convenience foods
RECHAUFFÉ (LEFTOVER) FOODS	i. Explanation ii. Importance of using leftover goods iii. Rules/guidelines for using leftover foods iv. Rechauffé dishes 9. Festive Dishes/Special Occasion Dishes i. Explanation ii. Occasions for festive dishes iii. Types of festive dishes/special occasion dishes iv. Preparation of festive dishes/special occasion dishes
FESTIVE DISHES / SPECIAL OCCASIONS DISHES	i. Explanation ii. Occasions for festive dishes iii. Types of festive dishes/special occasion dishes iv. Preparation of festive dishes/special occasion dishes
ART OF ENTERTAINING	i. Entertainment (a) Explanation (b) Types of parties (c) Occasions for parties (d) Points to consider when selecting types of parties (e) Factors that contribute to the success of parties ii. Table setting and etiquette (a) Explanation e.g. table setting, cover, etc (b) Setting tables and tray for different meal and occasion (c) Table appointments (d) Table manners/etiquette iii. Meal Service Style (a) Types of meal service – Informal meal service – formal meal service (b) Factors determining choice of service styles types of party (c) Foods for special occasions e. g. birthday, naming ceremonies, weddings etc. (e) Factors that contribute to the success of parties
EXPERIMENTAL COOKERY	i. Research into Local dishes and Drinks (a) Importance of research in Foods and Nutrition (b) Collection of information (data) (c) Research into local dishes (d) Development of new recipes (e) Improving existing recipes based on methods of preparation, Nutritive value, time and energy use and service/ presentation ii. Experiments (a) Using fruits e.g. passion fruit, samia, royal palm fruit (b) Other types of flour e.g. root, cereal and legumes, etc
CONSUMER EDUCATION	i. Consumer Education (a) Meaning and principles (b) consumer agents ii. Food Budgeting (a) Explanation (b) Factors to consider when budgeting iii. Food Purchasing (a) Guidelines for shopping for food (b) Guidelines for bulk purchasing (c) Reasons for buying in bulk (d) Advantages and disadvantages of bulk purchasing
SELF – EMPLOYMENT	i. Setting up and managing a catering enterprise (a) Explanation of terms – entrepreneur – entrepreneurship – enterprise (b) Characteristics of an entrepreneur (c) Advantages and disadvantages of an entrepreneur (d) Setting up a catering entrepreneur (e) Some catering enterprises (f) Factors contributing to the success of an enterprise ii. Work ethics (a) Explanation of work ethics (b) Good work ethics iii. Packaging (a) Explanation of Food Packaging (b) Reasons why food is packaged (c) Qualities of packaging materials (d) Types of packaging materials

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October 26, 2025

WAEC Data Processing Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Data Processing syllabus 2026/2027 covers topics like the history of computers, data and information concepts, computer components, processing, transmission, internet technologies, operating systems, and productivity tools like word processing, spreadsheets, and databases.

WAEC Data Processing Syllabus 2026/2027 Objective

i.Candidates should be taught the acquisition of basic skills in data processing and management.
ii. Candidates should attend a level of competence in ICT applications that will promote the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills for everyday living in the global world;
iii. Candidates will be equipped with the core knowledge in the application of ICT in facilitating business transactions and education;
iv. Candidate must prepare for further studies in Data Processing and Management.

WAEC Data Processing Marking Guide 2026/2027

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2 both of which shall be taken as a composite paper at one sitting.

Paper 1: 40 multiple-choice questions, to be answered in 1 hour for 40 marks.

Paper 2:

Section A: Four essay questions; candidates must answer three in 1 hour for 30 marks.
Section B: Practical work test with two compulsory essay questions to be answered in 1 hour for 40 marks.

Total of five questions to be answered across both sections.

WAEC Data Processing Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC DATA PROCESSING SYLLABUS
SN	TOPIC	OBJECTIVE
1	INFORMATION AGE	i. Computing devices. ii. Concept of Number system in computing. iii. Generations of Computer: first, second, third, fourth, fifth generations of computer.
2	DATA AND INFORMATION	i. Definition of data and information. ii. Types of Data. iii. Ways of handling Data. iv. Definition of Data. v. Digitalization.
3	BASIC COMPUTING – Classification of computers	i. Classify computers by: Type, Size, Usage.
4	APPLICATION OF ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE	i. Uses of ICT in everyday activities. ii. Impact of ICT in the society.
5	COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER	i. Input Devices. ii. Output Devices. iii. System Unit. iv. Storage Devices
6	INFORMATION PROCESSING – The art of information processing	i. Definition of Information Processing. ii. Steps involved in Information Processing
7	INFORMATION TRANSMISSION – Process of information transmission	i. Definition of information transmission. ii. Methods of transmitting information.
8	MEDIUM OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION	i. Types of Information Transmission. ii. Classification of means of transmission
9	NETWORKING	i. Meaning of Networking, Internet and Intranet. ii. Types of Networking
10	INTERNET	i. Definition of Internet. ii. Benefits of Internet iii. Internet browsers iv. Internet security v. Abuse of the Internet
11	TOOLS FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION – Operating system	i. Definition of Operating System. ii. Types of Operating Systems. iii. Examples of Operating Systems. iv. Functions of Operating System.
12	WORD PROCESSING	i. Definition of Word Processing. ii. Uses of Word Processing iii. Examples of word Processing software. iv. Starting, loading and exiting word processing v. Creating, saving and retrieving documents
13	SPREAD SHEET	i. Definition. ii. Uses. iii. Examples of Spreadsheet Applications. iv. Loading and exiting spreadsheets. v. Creating, saving and retrieving Spreadsheet files.
14	DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM	i. Definition. ii. Uses. iii. Examples of Database Applications. iv. Loading and exiting DBMS. v. Creating, saving and retrieving database files.
15	PRESENTATION PACKAGES	i. Definition, uses examples. ii. Loading and exiting Presentation programs. iii. Creating, saving and retrieving presentation files.
16	WEB DESIGN PACKAGES	i. Definition. ii. Uses. iii. Components. iv. Examples.
17	GRAPHIC PACKAGES	i. Definition. ii. Uses of Graphic software packages. iii. Examples of graphic packages.
18	COMPUTER MAINTENANCE, ETHICS AND HUMAN ISSUES	i. General Cleaning. ii. Battery Charging and replacement for portable systems and UPS. iii. DVD drive lens cleaning. iv. Details of Hardware maintenance. v. Details of Software maintenance. vi. Computer crash and data recovery.
19	COMPUTER ETHICS	i. Computer room management ethics. ii. Laboratory rules and regulations.
20	SAFETY MEASURES	i. The sitting arrangement. ii. Positioning of the monitor, keyboard, CPU, mouse and any other peripheral devices. iii. Illuminating the computer room. iv. Maintaining a dust-free environment. v. Keep liquid away from the computer room.
21	CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN DATA PROCESSING	i. Professions in computer. ii. Qualities of a good data processing professional. iii. Computer professional bodies.
22	COMPUTER VIRUS	i. Definition. ii. Types/Examples. iii. Sources. iv. Signals of virus warning v. Virus prevention, detection and deletion
23	DATA MANAGEMENT – Relational Model	i. Database and table creation using application packages. ii. Creating relationships between tables iii. Creation of forms, queries and report
24	FILE ORGANIZATION	i. Definition of File organization. ii. Types of File organization
25	DATABASE SECURITY	i. Concept of data security, access control and data encryption. ii. Role of a database administrator.
26	PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTION DATABASE	i. Basic concept of parallel and distributed database. ii. Storing data in a distributed database (DBM)

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October 26, 2025

WAEC Animal Husbandry Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The WAEC Animal Husbandry syllabus 2026/2027 covers topics like animal production practices (feeding, housing, disease control), management, and marketing, along with animal improvement, health, and processing/packaging of products.
The WAEC Animal Husbandry syllabus is crucial for students taking Animal Husbandry as part of their exams, especially those pursuing careers in agriculture, veterinary medicine, or food production.

The syllabus outlines key topics like the importance of farm animals, animal nutrition, and pasture management, providing a comprehensive guide to prepare for the exam. To perform well, candidates should study the syllabus thoroughly and practice past questions.

Marking Guide:

The exam consists of three papers:

Paper 1: 40 multiple-choice questions (40 marks) to be answered in 40 minutes.
Paper 2: 6 essay questions, candidates must answer 4 (80 marks) within 2 hours.
Paper 3: Practical or test of practical work. 4 questions (60 marks) to be answered in 1½ hours.

Papers 1 and 2 are combined into one sitting.

WAEC Animal Husbandry Syllabus 2026/2027

WAEC ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SYLLABUS
SN	TOPIC	OBJECTIVES
	PAPER I & II
	A: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
1	IMPORTANCE OF FARM ANIMALS	i. Source of food(meat, milk, eggs, honey etc); ii. Raw materials e.g. hide and skin, bones, hooves, hair/fur, egg shells; iii. Source of manure (fertilizer, biogas, biofuel), growing of maggots and earthworms; iv. Source of feed ingredients- blood meal, bone meal, meat and bone meal, snail shell, eggshell, feathers etc; v. Animal power (animal traction, transportation); vi. Research (laboratory, field), drugs, vaccines, hormones etc; vii. Source of employment; viii. Sales of products and by-products; ix. Social functions e.g. payment of bride price, cultural displays (weddings); x. For security e.g. ducks, bees, turkeys; xi. As pets e.g. rabbits, sheep, chickens; xii. Sports and games e.g. horse racing
2	CLASSIFICATION OF FARM ANIMALS	a) Classification of farm animals i. Simple stomach (non-ruminant or monogastric). e.g. poultry (avian), pig (swine), rabbits, horses, donkeys, snails, bees, and grasscutters; ii. Complex stomach (polygastric or ruminants) i.e. cattle, sheep and goat. b) Identification of ruminants and non-ruminants i. external features of common ruminants and non-ruminants; ii. differences should be based on the type of stomach and type of feed consumed.
3	INTERNAL ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN FARM ANIMALS	i. Identification of internal organs of farm animals e.g. (liver, lungs, heart, kidney, spleen, pancreas, stomach, crop, caecum, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine, tongue etc, and their functions
4	BODY SYSTEMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN FARM ANIMALS	i. Discussions should include digestive, respiratory, nervous, circulatory, skeletal, reproductive systems. ii. Students are expected to understand the functions of each system.
5	REPRODUCTION IN FARM ANIMALS	i. Discussion should include ovulation, oestrus cycle, heat period, signs of heat, mating, gestation, parturition, lactation, colostrum, flushing, steaming up, dystocia, vaginal prolapse etc. ii. Discussion should include detection of heat, mating systems, pregnancy detection and signs of parturition. iii. Knowledge of the process of egg formation in poultry is required iv. Sources and roles of female hormones (oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin, oxytocin etc) and male hormones (testosterone/androgen) should be emphasised. v. Discussion should include regular and adequate feeding, body exercise, steaming up, separation from male animals, provision of clean and adequate water and administration of drugs where necessary, dipping to eliminate ectoparasites, parturition etc
6	LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM	i. Knowledge of livestock management systems: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive system is required. ii. Discussion should include advantages and disadvantages of each of the systems.
7	MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF LIVESTOCK	i. Knowledge of livestock management systems: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems is required. ii. Discussion should include the advantages and disadvantages of each of the systems.
	B: ANIMAL NUTRITION
9	MEANING AND CLASSES OF ANIMAL FEEDS	i. Discussion should include the meaning of animal nutrition, feed nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oil, vitamins, minerals and water), their functions and sources and their deficiencies in farm animals. ii. Students should also be exposed to the classification of animal feeds into concentrates, roughages, supplements, feed additives etc.
10	ANIMAL FEED AND FEEDING	i. The study should include the meaning of livestock rations and types (balanced, maintenance, production rations. ii. Students should know about Malnutrition: meaning, causes, symptoms and practical ways to check malnutrition such as feeding balanced rations to animals, feeding weaker animals separately, deworming animals, giving supplementary feeds, addition of feed additives to stimulate appetite, protecting animals from toxic plants and harmful substances, adjusting stocking rates appropriately, provision of good quality and adequate water etc, should be studied.
11	FORMULATION OF LIVESTOCK RATIONS	i. Students should be exposed to practical diet formulations for the different classes of farm animals (starter, grower and finisher diets). ii. Students should be able to identify different feed ingredients used for diet formulations e.g. blood meal, fish meal, cotton seed cake, oyster shell, groundnut cake, maize grains, salt, premix, glycine etc. iii. Factors to consider in feed formulation for farm animals e.g. physiological status of animal, species, age, body weight, production target, acceptability of feed, nutrient composition of the feed, ingredient availability, cost of feed ingredients etc, should be studied.
12	PROCESSING AND MARKETING OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS	i. The processing techniques to include; pre-slaughtering, slaughtering and post-slaughtering activities. ii. Hygienic conditions in processing are also important. iii. Students should understand slaughtering techniques for different farm animals. Students should also be exposed to the processing of animal products e.g. egg, milk, meat, skin, wool, honey, snail shell and feathers, fur, hooves, horns, blood, and faeces/droppings into other forms (value addition). iv. Understanding of common marketing channels and agents such as producers, wholesalers, retailers, consumers etc is required. The advantages and disadvantages of each marketing channel and agent should be discussed.
	C: PASTURE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT
13	PASTURE MANAGEMENT	i. Discussion should include definition, examples and importance of pasture and forage crops. ii. Understanding of the types and features of pasture and forage crops is required. iii. Knowledge of basic terminologies in pasture management is required.
14	RANGE IMPROVEMENT	i. Understanding of the meaning and features of rangeland is required. ii. Knowledge of methods of rangeland improvement (reseeding, rotational grazing, controlled stocking, deferred grazing, controlled burning, fertilizer application, pest control, disease control etc is required. iii. Knowledge of the role of rangeland in livestock production e.g. provision of vegetables and grasses for animals, exercise, provision of hay and silage etc is required.
	D: ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT
15	ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT	i. Understanding of the meaning and terminologies used in animal improvement is required. ii. Knowledge of aims: high reproductive efficiency, potency, mothering ability, cool temperament, high libido, resistance to pests, resistance to diseases, tolerance to harsh environment, etc is required.
16	METHODS OF FARM ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT	i. Discussion should include various methods used in farm animal improvement: introduction, selection and breeding ii. Students are required to understand the merits and demerits of each method used in farm animal improvement.
17	ARTIFICIAL INSERMINATION	i. Explanation of the term artificial insemination is required ii. Discussion to include identification of materials, methods, steps and precautions in carrying out artificial insemination. iii. Knowledge of the advantages of artificial insemination is required
	E: ANIMAL HEALTH
18	FARM ANIMAL DISEASES AND PATHOGENS	i. Knowledge of the meaning and causal agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) of diseases in farm animals is required. ii. Discussion to include signs of a sick animal e.g. loss of appetite, loss of weight, diarrhoea, high body temperature, blood-stained urine, gnashing of teeth, discharges from natural openings, blood-stained faces, ruffled feathers or fur, standing hair, undue noise, excessive salivation, anaemia, staggering gait, difficulty in breathing, coma, sudden death etc. iii. The ability to identify the main diseases of farm animals, their causal agents, mode of transmission and symptoms is required. Simple preventive and control measures including the use of antibiotics and ethno-veterinary practices are required. Knowledge of factors that predispose farm animals to diseases e.g. poor nutrition, poor health status, poor sanitation, inadequate biosecurity, overcrowding, unfavourable weather conditions, low immunity etc is required.
19	LIVESTOCK PARASITE AND PESTS	i. Understanding of the meaning, classes, control/prevention and effects of parasites on farm animals is required. Discussion to include lif cycles of the parasites. Ability to identify and understand economic importance of ecto-parasites (ticks, lice, mites, fleas etc.) and endo-parasites (tapeworm, roundworm, hookworm, pinworm, liver fluke, trypanosome etc) is required. ii. Knowledge of livestock pests (rodents, snakes, soldier ants, birds, weevils, termites, flies etc), prevention/control using dewormers, acaricides, pesticides and ethno veterinary practices, and effects of pests on farm animals will be assessed. Ability to identify and knowledge of economic importance of storage pests (rodents, weevils, termites, cockroaches etc), field pests (soldier ants, birds, snakes flies etc) are required.

	PAPER III: PRACTICALS
20	PRODUCTS & BY-PRODUCTS OF FARM ANIMALS	identify and knowledge of the uses of animal products and by-products such as meat, eggs, milk, honey, hides, skin, blood, hair, wool, feathers, horn, hooves, bones, snail shell, animal dung etc.
21	IDENTIFICATION OF FARM ANIMALS	i. describe, draw and label the external parts of farm animals.
22	INTERNAL ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN FARM ANIMALS	i. Identifying and drawing the major internal structures in the various body systems of a named ruminant, poultry and pig is required. ii. Differences in the structures and their functions will also be assessed.
23	FEEDS AND FEED STUFFS	i. identify and knowledge of uses of feeds and feedstuffs such as common feed ingredients (maize, groundnut cake, soya bean meal, palm kernel cake, fish meal, bone meal, oyster shell, limestone, salt, salt lick, premix, wheat offal etc), crop residues, agricultural by-products and nonconventional(jack bean, rumen digesta, cassava peel etc) and the major nutrients they contain
24	PASTURE AND FORAGE CROPS	i. identify and the knowledge of uses of common pasture and forage crops are required. ii. Hay and silage making should be discussed.
25	ARTIFICIAL INSERMINATION	i. identify the tools and equipment and their uses are required. ii. Simple techniques of semen collection, preservation and insemination should be discussed.
26	PESTS AND PARASITES OF FARM ANIMALS	i. Identify and knowledge of the economic importance of ectoparasites (ticks, lice, mites, fleas etc) and endoparasites (tapeworm, roundworms, hook worm, pin worm, liver fluke, trypanosomes etc) are required. ii. The study should also include life cycles, prevention and control of these parasites.

WAEC Animal Husbandry Textbooks 2026/2027

Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1-3 Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council by NERDC, 2000
Essential Animal Husbandry textbook by G.C Banerjee
Principles of Animal Husbandry SHS 1-3

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October 26, 2025

WAEC Yoruba Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The official WAEC Yoruba Syllabus 2026/2027 outlines key areas like literature, grammar, and phonology. Students should focus on a strong understanding of the Yoruba language structure, including its syllable structure, the three tones (high, mid, and low), and its vocabulary, especially monthly names.

While you are waiting for the potential new textbooksforn the upcoming syllabus. It’s recommended to check the official WAEC website for updates as the 2026 syllabus is released, as the exams will be conducted as a Computer-Based Test (CBT).

WAEC Yoruba Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The syllabus is a key guide for students preparing for the WAEC Yoruba examination. To succeed, candidates need to have a good command of speaking, reading, and writing Yoruba, along with knowledge of its sound system, grammar, and cultural practices.

The exam consists of two papers:

Paper 1: 60 multiple-choice questions covering Language, Literature, and Culture. The questions are divided into three sections:
- Section A: Language
- Section B: Literature
- Section C: Culture
Candidates are required to answer all questions in 1 hour for 60 marks.
Paper 2: Will assess comprehension, composition, sound system, grammar, translation, oral and written literature, and cultural knowledge.

Familiarity with the syllabus and past questions is essential for candidates to excel.

WAEC Yoruba Syllabus
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
A	LANGUAGE	Composition Candidates are advised to write 300 words and spend not more than 45 minutes on this section. The essay will be any of the following types: (i) Narrative (ii) Descriptive (iii) Argumentative (iv) Expository (v) Dialogue (vi) Debate (vii) Letter writing Sound System Candidates will be required to answer one question from the two to be set. Areas to cover include: (i) Vowels, Consonants and Syllabic nasal (a) their production in terms of place and manner (b) their basic phonetic and phonemic classification (ii) Syllable structure (iii) Sound processes, e.g. vowel harmony assimilation elision (iv) Sound system aspect of the orthography (v) Tones and tone notation Grammar Candidates will be required to answer one question from the two questions to be made available. Areas to cover are: i. Word structure and word formation ii. Numerals: basic and derived iii. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, adjectives, etc iv. Grammatical categories: subject, object, complement, predicate, number, person, tense, aspect, mood, etc. v. Phrases and clauses vi.The structure and type of sentences.
B	LITERATURE	This section is made up of Oral Literature and Written Literature. Oral Literature – Prose, Poetry, Drama In Oral Literature, there will be 3 set books covering the different genres. 1 question will be set from each set book and candidates will be required to answer any 1 of the 3 questions. Written Literature – Prose, Poetry, Drama In Written Literature, there will be three set books covering the different genres. One question will be set from each set book and candidates will be required to answer any one of the three questions.
C	CULTURE	This section will consist of questions on customs and institutions. Two questions will be set and candidates will be required to answer any one of them. Areas to cover will include: Customs (i) Make-up and adornments (ii) In-door and out-door games (iii) Pregnancy and its care (iv) Naming (v) Home training: greetings, respect for superiors, cleanliness, tolerance, integrity, hard work, etc. (vi) Yoruba foods (vii) Non-verbal communication (viii) Funerals: traditional and modern methods (ix) Inheritance: traditional and modern methods. Institutions (i) Traditional occupations (ii) Marriage (iii) Politics: family structure, age grades, chieftaincy, Obaship, etc. (iv) Child care (v) Ancestors (vi) Yoruba beliefs about Olodumare (God), deities/divinities, other invisible forces, etc. (vii) Modern religions: Islam, Christianity, etc. (viii) Economy: adverts, money lending, cooperative efforts, etc.

WAEC Yoruba Textbooks 2026/2027

Abiodun, Jibola Aroko Ati Aayan, Ogbufo. Majab (Ilorin) (1996)
Owolabi, K. publications Ijinle Itupale Ede Yoruba Extension (Ibadan)(1989)
Bamgbose, A: (1991) Press Fonoloji Ati Girama Yoruba.

ORAL LITERATURE

PROSE

Ojo, Olagoke: (2005) Ijapa Tiroko Oko Yannibo Longman (Lagos)

POETRY

Abimbola, Wande: (2004) Awon Oju Odu University Press Mereerindinlogun (Ibadan) (ppi-xxxi; 52 – 96)

DRAMA

Ogunniran, L: (2007) Eegun Alare Macmillan (Lagos)

WRITTEN LITERATURE

PROSE

Eso-Oluborode, Sunday: Olorunsogo Sumob Publishers (1994) (Osogbo)

POETRY

Olayiwola, Ademola: Akowe ko wura Extension Publications (2007) (Ibadan)

DRAMA

Awe, Debo: (2004) Apoti Alakara Elyon Pulibshers (Ilesa) CULTURE
Adeoye, C.L.: (1979)Asa Ati Ise Yoruba University Press (Ibadan)
Olajubu, O. (1978) Iwe Asa Ibile Yoruba Longman (Lagos)
Daramola, A. ati Jeje. Asa Ati Orisa Onibon-Oje (Ibadan)

October 26, 2025

WAEC Book-Keeping Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The official WAEC Book-Keeping Syllabus 2026/2027 covers Key topics like bookkeeping principles, ledger accounts, and financial statements, based on the general syllabus structure. You can also look for recommended textbooks from the official syllabus or through WAEC-accredited sources once it is published.

Book-Keeping in WAEC Examination Guide.

The main aim of the WAEC Bookkeeping exam is to assess candidates’ understanding and practical skills in the subject. Specifically, it seeks to develop knowledge of the basic skills required to start a business, promote an appreciation of the rules and functions of bookkeeping, and encourage the application of bookkeeping principles to modern business operations.

The exam consists of two papers, both taken in one sitting.

Paper 1 is made up of forty multiple-choice questions to be answered within fifty minutes for a total of forty marks.

Paper 2 is divided into two sections. Section A focuses on the Theory of Bookkeeping and contains four questions, out of which candidates must answer two for twenty marks.

Section B covers the Practice of Bookkeeping and includes five questions, from which candidates are required to answer three for sixty marks. This paper lasts two hours.

WAEC Book-Keeping Syllabus 2026/2027

	WAEC BOOK KEEPING SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	INTRODUCTION TO BOOK KEEPING	i. Meaning of BookKeeping – Definition, history, nature, importance, and functions of Book Keeping – Career opportunities and beneficiaries of bookkeeping; – Qualities and values of bookkeepers. ii. Assets and Liabilities: – Definition, differences, classification, and examples of Assets and Liabilities. iii. Business Transactions: – Meaning and types of business transactions; – Parties involved in business transactions. iv. Classification of Accounts: – personal accounts (debtors and creditors); – Impersonal accounts (real and nominal). v. Source Documents – Definition, identification, types, and uses of source documents.
2	CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS	i. Definition ii. Identification and the differences between concepts and conventions.
3	BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY	i. Definition ii. Purpose iii. Types iv. Format, uses, and preparation of Books of Original entry
4	LEDGER AND PRINCIPLES OF DOUBLE ENTRY	i. Ledger: – definition, classification, format, uses and preparation of ledgers. ii. Principles of Double Entry: – Meaning, history, rules, and making double entries.
5	CASH BOOK	i. Meaning, purpose, description, differences, and preparation of: – Single column – Double column – Three column – Petty cash book
6	BANK RECONCILLATION STATEMENT	i. Meaning and purpose ii. Terminologies and banking documents iii. Causes of differences between cash book and bank statement balance
7	TRIAL BALANCE AND ERRORS	i. Meaning and functions of trial balance ii. Rules and preparation of trial balance iii. Meaning, types, classification of errors iv. Correction of errors and preparation of Suspense Account
8	FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP	i. Trading Account – Definition, purpose, format and preparation of simple Trading Account – Methods of valuing stock (FIFO and LIFO). ii. Profit and Loss Account – Definition, purpose, format and preparation of Profit and Loss Account iii. Balance Sheet – Meaning, content, format and preparation of a simple balance sheet.
9	ADJUSTMENT TO FINANCIAL STATEMENT	i. Adjustment for prepayments, accruals, depreciation, bad and doubtful debts; ii. Meaning and methods of depreciation (straight line and reducing balance).
10	CONTROL ACCOUNTS	i. Meaning and preparation of Sales Ledger and Purchases Ledger Control Accounts.
11	SINGLE ENTRY AND INCOMPLETE RECORDS	i. Meaning, limitations and preparation of final accounts from incomplete records
12	ACCOUNTS FOR NOT-FOR-PROFIT MAKING ORGANIZATION	i. Purpose, content and preparation of Receipts and Payments Accounts, Income and Expenditure Account.
13	PATNERSHIP ACCOUNTS	i. Meaning and terms ii. Partnership deed, drawings, interest on capital, interest on drawings iii. Preparation of Capital and Current Accounts, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Account and Balance Sheet iv. Admission of new partners and Goodwill Account.
14	JOINT VENTURE ACCOUNTS	i. Meaning and purpose ii. Differences between joint venture and partnership
15	DEPARTMENTAL AND BRANCH ACCOUNTS	i. Importance and differences ii. Preparation of Departmental and simple Branch Accounts.
16	INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY ACCOUNTS	i. Formation and terminologies ii. Preparation of simple financial statements.
17	INTERPRETATION OF ACCOUNTS	i. Purpose and computation of ratios ii. Net profit margin iii. Stock turnover iv. Quick ratio v. Acid test ratio vi. Gross profit margin vii. Return on capital employed
18	PURCHASE OF BUSINESS	i. Reasons, terminologies and preparation of accounts related to purchase and sale of business.
19	CONSIGNMENT ASSOCIATE	i. Terminologies and preparation of simple Consignment Accounts.
20	HIRE PURCHASE	i. Meaning and preparation of accounts in the seller’s and hirer’s books.
21	CONTRACT ACCOUNTS	i. Meaning, purpose and terminologies ii. Preparation of Contract Accounts.
22	COOPERATIVE ACCOUNTS	i. Meaning and objectives of cooperative societies.

WAEC Book-KeepingTextbooks 2026/2027

Business Accounting Vol.1 and 2 F. Wood
Book-keeping and Accounts (ELBS) Spicer & Peggler
Introduction to Accounting for Business Studies F.P. Langley
Accounting I and II Jennings
Essential Financial Accounting for Senior Secondary School O.A Longe and R.A. Kezeem

October 26, 2025

WAEC Marketing Syllabus 2026/2027 & Textbooks

The specific WAEC Marketing Syllabus 2026/2027 covers core topics such as the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion), consumer behavior, market planning, and research. To prepare, candidates should study these core marketing principles, as well as distribution, transport, and advertising.

WAEC Marketing Syllabus Guide

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which will constitute a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.

PAPER 1: will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions which will cover the entire syllabus. Candidates are expected to answer all the questions in 50 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2: will be a 2-hour paper consisting of six essay questions, out of which candidates will be expected to answer any four for 80 marks.

WAEC MARKETING SYLLABUS
SN	TOPICS	OBJECTIVES
1	INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING	(a) Meaning; (b) Explanation of basic terms in marketing: needs, wants, demands, product, exchange, transactions, and markets, (c) Brief history of marketing in Nigeria; (d) Functions of marketing
2	MARKETING CONCEPTS	(a) Meaning; (b) Various marketing concepts (production, product, selling, marketing and societal marketing).
3	MARKETING MIX AND MARKETING ENVIRONMENT	(a) Meaning; (b) Elements (4 Ps); (c)i Explain Marketing Environment ii Factors affecting marketing environment: – political; – cultural; – religious; – economic; – technological; – social.
4	PRODUCTS	(a) Meaning; (b) Classification (Industrial goods, consumer goods, services, primary and secondary products and mineral products-oil and non oil; (c) Distinctions between classes of products. (d) Product Design*
5	MARKETS	(a) Meaning; (b) Classification: – Consumer; – Organization (industrial, reseller and government)
6	CONSUMER AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR	(a) Meaning (b) Influencing factors; (c) Decision process in logical order
7	MARKETING PLANNING AND RESEARCH	(a)i Meaning, process and importance; ii Elements of marketing planning; iii Information required for marketing planning (b) Reasons for marketing planning and research. (c) Utilization of feedback
8	PRICING	(a) Meaning; (b)i Strategies (haggling, cost-plus, demand and competition); ii Application of strategies* (c) Price determinants.
9	ADVERTISING	(a) Definition; (b) Functions; (c) Media – meaning, types, advantages and disadvantages. (d) Production of sample adverts*
10	SALES PROMOTION	(a) Meaning and Functions; (b) Forms – price-off, coupons, salesmen competition, loyalty schemes, premium offers, trade-in-allowance, sampling, training schemes, and merchandising incentives.
11	MERCHANDISING	(a) Meaning; (b) Elements (packaging, branding and labeling) (C) Influencing factors; (d) Functions
12	DISTRIBUTION	(a) Definition; (b) Channels of distribution (definition and types) (c) Factors influencing choice of distribution channels (d) Functions of channel members.
13	TRANSPORTATION	(a) Meaning, mode, choice and importance; (b) Documents used in transportation; (c) Factors affecting choice of transportation
14	WAREHOUSING	(a) Meaning, types and functions. (b) Activities in the warehouse
15	MARKET UNIONS	(a) Market Unions (Meaning and types) (b) Roles of Market Unions in local markets; (c) Market Facilitators – meaning, types and roles.
16	INTERNATIONAL MARKETING	(a) Meaning, importance/reasons and methods of engaging in international marketing, (b) Influencing factors; (c) Guiding rules and regulations;
17	ICT IN MARKETING	(a) E-Marketing (electronic marketing) – meaning, ,importance, uses, ethics and abuses.
18	ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MARKETING	(a) Meaning of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur; (b) Sources of funds; (c) Factors affecting location of a market outlet; (d) Management of market outlets – purchase and supply of goods and services; (e) Selling and bargaining skills;

WAEC Marketing Textbooks2026/2027

Fundamentals of Marketing by O.O. Shokan – MAM Education Limited, Lagos.
Commerce Textbook by G.A. Saka and Nnabuko J.O. – Emiola Publisher Ltd
Marketing in Nigeria: Concepts, Principles and Decisions, 2nd Edition by B.A. Agbonifoh, O.E Ogwo, D.A. Nnolim, and A.D. Nkamnebe, (2007). – Afritowers Limited Publisher.Fundamentals of Marketing by O.O. Shokan – MAM Education Limited, Lagos.
Commerce Textbook by G.A. Saka and Nnabuko J.O. – Emiola Publisher Ltd
Marketing in Nigeria: Concepts, Principles and Decisions, 2nd Edition by B.A. Agbonifoh, O.E Ogwo, D.A. Nnolim, and A.D. Nkamnebe, (2007). – Afritowers Limited Publisher.

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